Politics of Benin
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Politics of Benin takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Benin is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the legislature. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The current political system is derived from the 1990 Constitution of Benin and the subsequent transition to democracy in 1991.
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[edit] Development of political system
From the 17th century till the colonial period, the Kingdom of Dahomey (whose borders encompassed more than present day Benin) was ruled by an "Oba". The French were the colonial power from 1892 till 1960, when independence was finally achieved. Between 1960 and 1972, a succession of military coups in Benin (known until 1975 as the Republic of Dahomey) brought about many changes of government. The last of these brought to power Major Mathieu Kérékou as the head of a regime professing strict Marxist-Leninist principles. The Revolutionary Party of the People of Benin (PRPB) remained in complete power until the beginning of the 1990s. Kérékou, encouraged by France and other democratic powers, convened a National Conference that introduced a new democratic constitution and held presidential and legislative elections. Kérékou's principal opponent at the presidential poll, and the ultimate victor, was Prime Minister Nicéphore Soglo. Supporters of Soglo also secured a majority in the National Assembly.
Benin was thus the first African country to successfully effect the transition from dictatorship to a pluralistic political system. In the second round of National Assembly elections held in March 1995, Soglo's political vehicle, the Parti de la Renaissance du Benin, was the largest single party but lacked an overall majority. The success of a party formed by supporters of ex-president Kérékou, who had officially retired from active politics, encouraged him to stand successfully at both the 1996 and 2001 presidential elections.
[edit] Constitution
In part spurred by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resultant lack of donor support from the superpower, as well as an economic crisis within the country, Benin adopted a new constitution in 1990 in order to open up and liberalise the political system and economy. Its chief aims are to enshrine in law accountability, transparency, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, separation of governmental powers, the right to strike, universal suffrage (at age 18) and independence of the judiciary.
These developments have created economic growth in Benin, but some of the bold ideals of the constitution have yet to be fully realised. Lack of accountability and transparency, failure to separate the judiciary from the political system, and high levels of illiteracy are the main stumbling blocks. Additionally, state employees are poorly paid, which makes them susceptible to bribery and corruption. There are unresolved issues with many pre-constitution laws which contradict the constitution. Many of the older laws derive from French legal norms as France was the former colonial power. Critics have also complained that the constitution makes no mention of the right to an adequate standard of living.[citation needed]
Since being written, the constitution has been translated into eight of the national languages of Benin. Broadcasts on local radio stations, in both in urban and rural areas, have publicised the constitution across the country.
[edit] Executive branch
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Yayi Boni | 6 April 2006 |
The President of Benin is elected for a five year term. An individual can serve only two terms. Election is by absolute majority which, after a second round if necessary.
Candidates must be:
- Beninese by birth, or have had Beninese nationality for 10 years
- Between the ages of 40 and 70 on the date of his or her candidacy
- Resident in Benin during elections
- Declared mentally and physically fit by three doctors
In 2006, Mathieu Kérékou was not constitutionally permitted to run for re-election since he had already served two terms and was over 70 years old. Despite speculation, this was not changed and he stood down after the election of his successor, Yayi Boni.
The Cabinet is under the authority of the President, and serves to advise and help formulate strategies. It also liaises with ministries and other government institutions. The Benin government's website has a full list and a selection of photos of senior ministers.
[edit] Legislative branch
The National Assembly is the Parliament of Benin - the primary legislative body. Deputies are elected every four years, in contrast to the five year term of the president. There are 83 available seats. It exercises the legislative power and oversight authority over Government action. Members of the army are not allowed to stand unless they resign from their military position.
[edit] Political parties and elections
During the 2001 presidential elections alleged irregularities led to a boycott of the run-off poll by the main opposition candidates. The four top-ranking contenders following the first round presidential elections were Mathieu Kérékou (incumbent) 45.4%, Nicephore Soglo (former president) 27.1%, Adrien Houngbedji (National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno Amoussou (Minister of State) 8.6%. The second round balloting, originally scheduled for March 18, 2001, was postponed for days because both Soglo and Houngbedji withdrew, alleging electoral fraud. This left Kérékou to run against his own Minister of State, Amoussou, in what was termed a "friendly match". The next presidential elections were held in March 2006; with both Kérékou and Soglo constitutionally unable to stand, political newcomer Yayi Boni was elected, defeating Houngbedji in a second round of voting.
| Candidates - Nominating parties | Votes | % 1st round | Votes | % 2nd round |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yayi Boni | 1,074,308 | 35.78% | 1,979,305 | 74.60% |
| Adrien Houngbédji - Democratic Renewal Party (Parti du renouveau démocratique) | 727,239 | 24.22% | 673,937 | 25.40% |
| Bruno Amoussou - Social Democratic Party (Parti Social-Démocrate) | 489,122 | 16.29% | ||
| Léhadi Vinagnon Soglo - Benin Rebirth Party or Renaissance Party of Benin (Parti de la renaissance du Bénin) | 253,478 | 8.44% | ||
| Antoine Kolawolé Idji - African Movement for Development and Progres (Mouvement africain pour la dévelloppement et le progrès) | 97,595 | 3.25% | ||
| Lazare Sèhouéto - Movement for the People's Alternative (Mouvement pour une Alternative du Peuple) | 61,195 | 2.04% | ||
| Sévérin Adjovi - Liberal Democrats' Rally for National Reconstruction-Vivoten (Rassemblement des Démocrates Libéraux pour la Reconstruction nationale)(RDL-Vivoten) | 53,304 | 1.78% | ||
| Antoine Dayori - Hope Force (Force Espoir) | 37,436 | 1.25% | ||
| Total (turnout 76.9%/69.5%) | 3,014,167 | 2,656,070 | 100.0% | |
| Source: African Elections Database | ||||
| Parties and alliances | Seats | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cauri Forces for an Emerging Benin (Forces Cauris pour un Bénin Emergent) | 35 | ||
| Alliance for Dynamism and Democracy (Alliance pour une Dynamique Démocratie) | 20 | ||
| Democratic Renewal Party (Parti du Renouveau Démocratique) | 10 | ||
| Key Force (Force Clé) | 4 | ||
| Union for Relief (Union pour la Relève) | 3 | ||
| National Union for Democracy and Progress (Union Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Progrès) | 2 | ||
| Hope Force (Force Espoir) | 2 | ||
| Coalition for an Emerging Benin (Coalition pour un Bénin Emergent) | 2 | ||
| Alliance for Revival (Alliance Le Réveil) | 2 | ||
| Alliance of the Forces of Progress (Alliance des Forces du Progrès) | 1 | ||
| Party for Democracy and Social Progress (Parti pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social) | 1 | ||
| Restore the Hope (Restaurer l’Espoir) | 1 | ||
| Total (turnout 58.69%) | 83 | ||
| Source: APA and IPU Parline. | |||
[edit] Judicial branch
The Constitutional Court allows private citizens to challenge the government. This has been used particularly in cases of workplace discrimination. The Supreme Court has the highest level of jurisdiction in legal matters. It is designed as a check on the executive, and also acts in a consultative role. The High Court of Justice, which cannot include the President, is made up of members of the Constitutional Court, Parliament and the president of the Supreme Court. It alone can judge the President.
[edit] Audiovisual and Communication Authority
This institution guarantees the freedom of the press and access to the media. It is also charged with ensuring all citizens have access to official information.
[edit] International organizations
ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
