Political cult

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page.(December 2007) Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.

Political cult is a term used to describe some groups on what is generally considered to be the political fringe. Although the majority of groups to which the term "cult" (currently often used as a pejorative term according to some comparative religion scholars^{[1] [2]}) is sometimes applied are religious in nature, a number are non-religious and focus either on secular self-improvement^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} or on political action and ideology.^[7]

Contents 1 Background 2 American Family Foundation Guidelines 3 Examples of groups that have been described as "political cults" 4 Armed movements 5 Participation of non-mainstream religious movements in politics 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Background

Groups that some writers have termed as "political cults," mostly advocating far-left or far-right agendas, have received some attention from journalists and scholars. In their 2000 book On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left, Dennis Tourish and Tim Wohlforth discuss about a dozen organizations in the United States and Great Britain that they characterize as cults.^[8] In a separate article Tourish says that in his usage:

"The word cult is not a term of abuse, as this paper tries to explain. It is nothing more than a shorthand expression for a particular set of practices that have been observed in a variety of dysfunctional organisations."^[9]

The term "political cult" has also been used to describe the "cult of personality" in North Korea (in a context that clearly describes practices more extreme than those in most countries with institutionalized leader cults).^{[10] [11] [12] [13]}

In addition, the concept has been used by the Epoch Times newspaper in its analysis of communism in China, after the persecution of Falun Gong by the Chinese government began in 1999. The Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party, a book-length editorial sponsored by the newspaper, claims that Chinese communism is a cult that has used brainwashing, criticism and self-criticism, physical repression, isolation, paranoia, personality cultism and a full range of other cult-like manipulative methods to control the Chinese people, and further characterizes Chinese Communism as a distortion of Chinese culture that has reached deep into Chinese society.^[14]

The term "cult" has also been used loosely and sometimes sarcastically to refer to tightly controlled or excessively fanatical political formations or movements without necessarily meaning that they fit the definition of a destructive cult in the sociological sense of the term. For instance, a Republican Party activist in Texas complained to writer Joe Conason that the local party had become "more religious cult than political organization."^[15]

[edit] American Family Foundation Guidelines

Guidelines have been developed by the American Family Foundation (AFF) ^[16] that the group suggests be used for making a provisional judgment as to whether a particular group might be a "political cult" rather than simply an ideological sect that uses flamboyantly extreme rhetoric and/or elicits a high level of voluntary commitment from its core members.

1. The group is preoccupied with making money and often elevates money-making duties above the group's ostensible ideological or religious goals. In a political cult, this would include excessive fund raising, especially by illegal means such as electoral campaign-finance fraud.
2. The leader is not accountable to any authorities (unlike, for example, teachers, military commanders or ministers, priests, monks, and rabbis of mainstream religious denominations). In a political context, this would apply to cult-of-personality dictators, as well as other political leaders who strive for a position of authority free from oversight.
3. The group teaches or implies that its supposedly exalted ends justify whatever means it deems necessary. This may result in members' participating in behaviors or activities they would have considered reprehensible or unethical before joining the group. In a political context, this could include criminal activities, including unprovoked violence against opponents.
4. The group has an us-versus-them mentality that causes hostility towards, and/or conflict with, political opponents and the wider society to an irrational degree that usually undermines the cult's ostensible goals. Although non-cults, including mainstream political parties, also frequently encourage us-versus-them thinking, in the political cult it is carried to an extreme in which the entire world outside the cult is regarded either as the enemy or as pawns to be manipulated in the fight against the enemy; in turn, critics of the cult and other opponents are demonized in a manner that brooks no questioning from the cult's cadre.
5. The group not only requires members to adhere to particular doctrines or a particular "line" (a feature of many non-cultic groups as well) but also strongly discourages or even bans any questioning or criticism of the behavior or instructions of the group's leadership, and often harshly punishes any members who persist in criticism even if such members are loyal to the "line."
6. The group displays excessively zealous and unquestioning commitment to its leader and (whether he is alive or dead) regards his belief system, ideology, and practices as the Truth, as law. In the context of a political cult, this could be compared in some respects to Stalin's cult of personality or Nazism's Fuhrerprinzip.

[edit] Examples of groups that have been described as "political cults"

The LaRouche Movement^[17] and Gino Parente's National Labor Federation (NATLFED) ^[18] are examples of political groups described as "cults" that are based in the United States; another is Marlene Dixon's now-defunct Democratic Workers Party (a critical history of the DWP is given in Bounded Choice by Janja A. Lalich, a sociologist and former DWP member).^[19]

The "O", a small Marxist group in Minneapolis, is the subject of a memoir by ex-member Alexandra Stein.^[20] Organizations headed by Fred Newman, such as the International Workers Party and the New Alliance Party, have been described as a cult by political critics such as Tourish and Wohlforth, Chip Berlet, and the Anti-Defamation League.^{[21] [22]} Newman is involved in both politics and psychotherapy, and has described the cult claims as false and as politically motivated.^[23][24]

The followers of Ayn Rand were characterized as a "cult" by economist Murray N. Rothbard during her lifetime, and later by Michael Shermer.^{[25] [26]}. The core group around Rand was called the "Collective" and is now defunct (the chief group disseminating Rand's ideas today is the Ayn Rand Institute). Although the Collective advocated an individualist philosophy, Rothbard claimed they were organized in the manner of a "Leninist" organization.^[27]

In Britain, the Workers Revolutionary Party, a Trotskyist group led by the late Gerry Healy and strongly supported by actress Vanessa Redgrave, has been described by others, who have been involved in the Trotskyist movement, as having been a cult or as displaying cult-like characteristics in the 1970s and 1980s.^[28] It is also described as such by Tourish and Wohlforth in their writings as has The Committee for a Workers International (CWI) another Trotskyite group which had until recently an MP in the Irish Dáil or parliament. ^[29] In his review of Tourish and Wohlforth's book, Bob Pitt, a former member of the WRP concedes that it had a "cult-like character" but argues that rather than being typical of the far left, this feature actually made the WRP atypical and "led to its being treated as a pariah within the revolutionary left itself." ^[30] Workers' Struggle (LO, Lutte ouvrière) in France, publicly headed by Arlette Laguiller but revealed in the 1990s to be directed by Robert Barcia, has often been criticized as a cult, for example by Daniel Cohn-Bendit and his older brother Gabriel Cohn-Bendit, as well as L'Humanité and Libération.^[31]

[edit] Armed movements

The Shining Path guerrilla movement active in Peru in the 1980s and 1990s has been described variously as a "cult"^[32] and an intense "cult of personality."^[33] The Tamil Tigers have also been qualified as such. ^[34]

The People's Mujahedin of Iran, a leftist guerrilla movement based in Iraq, has been controversially described as a political cult and as a movement that is abusive towards it own members. ^{[35] [36] [37]} [17].

[edit] Participation of non-mainstream religious movements in politics

Some religious groups that have been described variously as cults or new religious movements participate vigorously in politics, and thus could be easily confused with political cults. Such religious groups with a strong political bent include the Unification Church of Sun Myung Moon^[38] and Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation movement (which sponsors the Natural Law Party), but such groups often clearly identify themselves as being religious organizations that are motivated primarily by spiritual concerns.

Falun Gong, a spiritual movement in China, became highly politicized as a result of crackdown from the Chinese government in 1999, which officially branded it as a cult and began jailing and torturing its followers.^{[39] [40]} Falun Gong protested through peaceful methods, such as protest actions overseas and the circulation of anti-communist political tracts and media critical of the Chinese government. The Chinese government has accused Falun Gong of committing acts of mass suicide, such as the controversial Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident, [18], while Falun Gong and several Western critics accused the Chinese government of staging such acts as propaganda.[19]

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Characteristics of a cult checklist
• Tourish and Wohlforth's On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left
• Archive, compiled by a critic, of material on Fred Newman and Lenora Fulani's International Workers Party

v • d • e Cults Definitions Cult apologist · Cults and governments · Cult of personality · Cult suicide · Destructive cult · Doomsday cult · Political cult Lists Authors opposing cults · In literature and popular culture · Government documents · Groups referred to as cults · Researchers Organizations CAIC · CAN · CESNUR · CIC · COMA · FACTnet · FREECOG · ICSA · MIVILUDES · Reachout Trust · Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center Opposition Anti-cult movement · Christian countercult movement · Opposition to cults and new religious movements · Project Megiddo Theories Atrocity story · Brainwashing · Coercive persuasion · Cult checklist · Deprogramming · Exit counseling · Love bombing · Mind control · Post-cult trauma · Sociological classifications · APA Task Force (DIMPAC) Wiktionary definition · Wikisource · Wikimedia Commons · Wikiquote · Wikinews · Wikibooks