Polar effect
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The Polar effect or electronic effect in chemistry is the effect exerted by a substituent on modifying electrostatic forces operating on a nearby reaction center. The main contributors to the polar effect are the inductive effect, mesomeric effect and the through-space electronic field effect.
An electron withdrawing group or EWG draws electrons away from a reaction center. When this center is an electron rich carbanion or an alkoxide anion the presence of the substituent has a stabilizing effect.
Examples of electron withdrawing groups are
- halogens (F, Cl);
- nitriles CN;
- carboxylic acids COOH;
- carbonyls CO.
An electron releasing group or ERG (otherwise called electron donating groups or EDG) releases electrons into a reaction center and as such stabilizes electron deficient carbocations.
Examples of electron releasing groups are
The total substituent effect is the combination of the polar effect and the combined steric effects.
In electrophilic aromatic substitution and nucleophilic aromatic substitution substituents are divided into activating groups and deactivating groups where the direction of activation or deactivation is also taken into account.
