Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services

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Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, alternatively called as Laboratory 1, Laboratory 12, and Kamera which means "The Chamber" in Russian, was a covert poison research and development facility of the Soviet secret police agencies.

Contents 1 History 2 Human experimentation 3 Prominent victims 4 Alleged victims 5 Planned victims 6 Miscellany 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources

[edit] History

• 1921: First poison laboratory within the Soviet secret services was established under the name "Special Office". It was headed by professor of medicine Ignatii Kazakov, according to Pavel Sudoplatov. ^[1]
• 1926: The laboratory was under the supervision of Genrikh Yagoda, a deputy of OGPU chairman Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, who became NKVD chief in 1934 after Menzhinsky's death.
• February 20, 1939: It becomes Laboratory 1 headed by Grigory Mairanovsky. The laboratory was under the direct supervision of NKVD director Lavrenty Beria and his deputy Vsevolod Merkulov from 1939 to March of 1953.
• December 21, 1951: Grigory Mairanovsky arrested in connection with Viktor Abakumov's arrest, which was presumably a part of Stalin's campaign to remove NKVD chief, Lavrenty Beria.
• March 14, 1953: It was renamed to Laboratory 12. V. Naumov is the newly appointed head. Lavrenty Beria and Vsevolod Merkulov were executed after Stalin's death. Immediate NKVD supervisor of the laboratory, Pavel Sudoplatov received long prison sentences.
• 1978: Expanded into the Central Investigation Institute for Special Technology within the First Chief Directorate of the KGB
• Present time: Several laboratories of the SVR, (headquartered in Yasenevo near Moscow), are currently responsible for the "creation of biological and toxin weapons for clandestine operations in the West" ^{[2] [3]}

[edit] Human experimentation

Mairanovsky and his colleagues tested a number of deadly poisons on prisoners from the Gulag ("enemies of the people"), including mustard gas, ricin, digitoxin and many others. The goal of the experiments was to find a tasteless, odourless chemical that could not be detected post mortem. Candidate poisons were given to the victims, with a meal or drink, as "medication"^[1]

Finally, a preparation with the desired properties called C-2 was developed ^[1] According to witness testimonies, the victim changed physically, became shorter, weakened quickly, became calm and silent and died within fifteen minutes^[1]. Mairanovsky brought to the laboratory people of varied physical condition and ages in order to have a more complete picture about the action of each poison.

"Sudoplatov and Eitingon approved special equipment [poisons] only if it had been tested on humans", according to testimony of Mikhail Filimonov^[1]. Vsevolod Merkulov said that these experiments were approved by NKVD chef Lavrenty Beria.^[1]. Beria himself testified on August 28, 1953, after his arrest that "I gave orders to Mairanovsky to conduct experiments on people sentenced to the highest measure of punishment, but it was not my idea" ^[1].

In addition to human experimentation, Mairanovsky personally executed people with poisons, under the supervision of Pavel Sudoplatov ^{[1] [4]}

[edit] Prominent victims

• The leader of the Russian All-Military Union general Alexander Kutepov was drugged and kidnapped in Paris in 1930. He died from a heart attack due to an overdose of the administered drug. ^[1]

• One of leaders of the White movement, Russian general Evgenii Miller, was drugged and kidnapped in Paris in 1937. He was executed later in Russia.^[1]

• Abram Slutsky, head the Soviet foreign intelligence service (GUGB) was poisoned with hydrocyanic acid added in tea in 1938^{[citation needed]}

• Archbishop Theodore Romzha of Ukrainian Catholic Church was killed in 1947 by injection of curare provided by Mairanovsky and administered by a medical nurse who was an MGB agent. ^[1]

• In 1978, dissident Bulgarian writer Georgi Markov was assassinated in London using a tiny pellet poisoned with ricin; the necessary equipment was prepared in this laboratory. ^[5] In a Discovery Channel television program about his illustrated book of espionage equipment called "The Ultimate Spy," espionage historian H. Keith Melton indicated that once the Bulgarian secret police had decided to kill Markhov, KGB specialists from the Laboratory gave the Bulgarians a choice between two KGB tools hat could be provided for the task -- either a poisonous topical gelatin to be smeared on Markhov, or an instrument to administer a poison pellet, as was eventually done.

• Attempted poisoning of the second President of Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin on December 13, 1979. Department 8 of KGB succeeded in infiltrating the illegal agent Mitalin Talybov (codenamed SABIR) as a chef of Amin's presidential palace. However, Amin switched his food and drink as if he expected to be poisoned, so his son-in-law became seriously ill, and ironically, was flown to a hospital in Moscow.^[6]

[edit] Alleged victims

• Russian writer Maksim Gorky and his son. During the Trial of the Twenty One in 1938, NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda admitted that he poisoned to death Maksim Gorky and his son and unsuccessfully tried to poison future NKVD boss Nikolay Ezhov. The attempted poisoning of Ezhov was later officially dismissed as falsification, but Vyacheslav Molotov believed that the poisoning accusations were true. Yagoda was never officially rehabilitated (recognized as an innocent victim of political repressions) by Soviet authorities.^[1]

• Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Russian historians Anton Antonov-Ovseenko and Edvard Radzinsky found that Stalin was poisoned by associates of NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria, based on the interviews of a former Stalin's body guard and numerous circumstantial evidence. Stalin planned to dismiss and execute Beria and other senior members of the Soviet government in 1953.^[7] According to Radzinsky, Stalin was poisoned by Khrustalev, a senior bodyguard briefly mentioned in memories of Svetlana Alliluyeva, Stalin's daughter.^[8]

• Journalist Anna Politkovskaya. During the Beslan school hostage crisis in September 2004 and while on her way to Beslan to help in negotiations with the hostage-takers, Politkovskaya fell violently ill and lost consciousness after drinking tea. She survived and was assassinated later.^[9] According to a report by The Sunday Times, the drug was prepared in the FSB poison facility.^[3]

[edit] Planned victims

• President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito. In the late 1940s, the laboratory manufactured a powdered plague for use in a small container and where the assassin was vaccinated against plague. The device was to be used against Tito, but MGB agent Iosef Grigulevich, who previously organized the assault on villa of Trotsky and now have received the assignment to kill Tito, was recalled after the death of Stalin.^{[5] [10][1]}
• The first democratically elected President of the Republic of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia. According to former Deputy Director of Biopreparat Ken Alibek, this laboratory was possibly involved in design of undetectable chemical or biological agent to assassinate Gamsakhurdia.^[10] BBC News reported that some Gamsakhurdia friends believed he committed suicide, "although his widow insists that he was murdered."^[11]

[edit] Miscellany

When Vladimir Lenin asked Stalin to give him poison, he probably meant from this laboratory (known at this time as "Special office") ^[1] (but the poison was never given to him according to most historians).

[edit] See also

• History of poison
• List of poisonings

[edit] Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-813-34280-5.
2. ^ Alexander Kouzminov Biological Espionage: Special Operations of the Soviet and Russian Foreign Intelligence Services in the West, Greenhill Books, 2006, ISBN 1-853-67646-2 [1].
3. ^ ^{a b} The Laboratory 12 poison plot, by Martin Sixsmith, The Sunday Times, April 8, 2007
4. ^ History of Soviet poisonings (Russian) by Boris Sokolov grani.ru
5. ^ ^{a b} Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000), ISBN 0-14-028487-7
6. ^ Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, Basic Books (2005) hardcover, 677 pages ISBN 0-465-00311-7
7. ^ Edvard Radzinsky Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9
8. ^ Svetlana Alliluyeva Twenty Letters To A Friend (autobiography, published 1967, London, written 1963) ISBN 0-06-010099-0
9. ^ Russian journalist reportedly poisoned en route to hostage negotiations. IFEX (2004-09-03). Retrieved on 2006-10-11.
10. ^ ^{a b} Ken Alibek and S. Handelman. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it. 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 0-385-33496-6
11. ^ Reburial for Georgia ex-president. The BBC News. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.

[edit] Sources

• Ken Alibek and S. Handelman. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it. 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 0-385-33496-6 [2]
• Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-813-34280-5.
• Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, Basic Books (2005) hardcover, 677 pages ISBN 0-465-00311-7
• The Laboratory 12 poison plot, by Martin Sixsmith, The Sunday Times, April 8, 2007
• The KGB's Poison Factory, by Boris Volodarsky, Wall Street Journal, 7 April 2005
• History of Soviet poisonings (Russian) by Boris Sokolov grani.ru
• Organic poison (Russian) by Vladimir Abarinov, grani.ru