User:Poccil/germansandbox

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[edit] "Ein"-table

Indefinite article

             Masculine  Neuter Feminine  Plural
Nominative   -0-        -0-    -e        -e
Accusative   -en        -0-    -e        -e
Dative       -em        -em    -er       -en
Genitive     -es        -es    -er       -er
  • This table declines the indefinite article (ein-) (mixed), the negative indefinite article (weak) (kein-) , and the possessive articles (mixed) (mein-, dein-, sein-, ihr-, unser-, eur-).

Definite article (strong)

             Masculine  Neuter Feminine  Plural
Nominative   der        das    die        die
Accusative   den        das    die        die
Dative       dem        dem    der       den
Genitive     des        des    der       der

[edit] Types of verbs

[edit] Weak verbs

Weak verbs have no stem vowel changes in any tense. Examples:

  • sagen, sagte, gesagt (to say)

Conjugation:

  • Present: -e, -(e)st, -(e)t, -en, -(e)t, -en
  • Imperfect: -(e)te, -(e)test, -(e)te, -(e)ten, -(e)tet, -(e)ten

[edit] Strong verbs

Strong verbs have stem vowel changes in some tenses, possibly also the present tense.

  • gehen, gehst, ging, (bin) gegangen
  • sehen, siehst, sah, (habe) gesehen
  • essen, ißt, a&szlig, gegessen
  • singen, singst, sang, gesungen

Conjugation

  • Present: -e, -(e)st, -(e)t, -en, -(e)t, -en
  • Imperfect: -0-, -st, -0-, -en, -t, -en

[edit] Conjugation notes

The "(e)"s are inserted when the stem of the verb ends in:

-chn -d, -dn, -fn, -gn, -t, -tm

The second person singular ending is -t for verbs whose stems end in:

-s, -ß, -x, -z

[edit] Mixed verbs

Mixed verbs take weak verb endings, but are still irregular; e.g. they may have stem-vowel changes in some tenses.

  • haben, (du) hast, hatte, gehabt (to have)
  • kennen, kannte, gekannt (to be familiar with)
  • wissen, wusste, gewusst (to know a fact)
  • denken, dachte, gedacht (to think)
  • rennen, rannte, gerannt (to run)
  • bringen, brachte, gebracht (to bring)

[edit] Auxiliary verbs

The verbs werden, haben, and sein are important because they are used in forming several tenses of German.

werden (to become) (special, mixed but no t on the end)

  • Present participle: geworden
  • Present: werde, wirst, wird, werden, werden, werdet, werden
  • Imperfect: wurde, wurdest, wurde, wurden, wurdet, wurden

haben (to have) (mixed)

  • Present participle: gehabt
  • Present: habe, hast, hat, haben, habt, haben
  • Imperfect: hatte, hattest, hatte, hatten, hattet, hatten

sein (to be) (strong)

  • Present participle: gewesen
  • Present: bin, bist, ist, sind, seid, sind
  • Imperfect: war, warst, war, waren, wart, waren
  • Subjunctive: sei, sei(e)st, sei, seien, seiet, seien

[edit] Subjunctive

German has two forms of subjunctive. The first subjunctive is formed by taking the stem of the verb and adding the weak verb past endings:

  • haben: habe, habest, habe, haben, habet, haben

The only exception is sein:

  • sein: sei, sei(e)st, sei, seien, seiet, seien

The first subjunctive is used to report what someone else has said, thought, or believed; for third-person wishes or requests; and for imaginary comparisons.

In weak verbs, the second subjunctive is the same as the simple past. In strong verbs, it is formed with the stem of the simple past, with umlaut if possible, plus the weak verb past endings. Examples:

  • kochen: kochte, kochtest, kochte, kochten, kochtet, kochten
  • gehen: ginge, ging(e)st, ginge, gingen, ging(e)t, gingen
  • sehen: sähe, säh(e)st, sähe, sähen, säh(e)t, sähen
  • haben: hätte, hättest, hätte, hätten, hättet, hätten
  • sein: wäre, wärest, wäre, wären, wäret, wären

There are also exceptions, especially with mixed verbs:

  • wissen: wüsst-
  • denken: dächt-
  • stehen: stünd-
  • sterben: stürb-
  • bringen: brächt-

The second subjunctive is used for wishes and hypothetical statements, much as English would use "would". It is equivalent to würd- form + infinitive, which is more often used in weak verbs.

The second subjunctive is often called the conditional in Romance languages.