Pleckstrin homology domain

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PH domain of tyrosine-protein kinase BTK
Identifiers
Symbol PH
Pfam PF00169
InterPro IPR001849
SMART PH
PROSITE PDOC50003
SCOP 1dyn
OPM family 51
OPM protein 1pls
Available PDB structures:

1dynB:520-625 2dynA:520-625 1pls :5-101 1eazA:192-289 1xx0A:245-347 1x05A:245-347 1x1gA:248-352 1u27A:260-376 1u29A:260-376 1u2bA:265-380 1fhxB:265-380 1fgzA:265-380 1fgyA:265-380 1faoA:165-259 1fb8A:165-259 1v89A:40-144 1upqA:55-153 1uprA:55-153 1qqgB:13-115 1wg7A:175-281 2codA:483-574 1btkA:4-133 1b55A:4-133 1bwnB:4-133 1unqA:6-108 1unpA:6-108 1h10A:6-108 1unrA:6-108 1btn :2199-2304 1mph :2199-2304 1wjmA:2219-2328 1dro :2148-2259 1v88A:149-265 1wgqA:1303-1398 2cocA:605-703 2cofA:354-447 2coaA:398-478 1x1fA:26-121 1fhoA:349-451 1ym7D:559-652 1omwA:559-652 2bcjA:559-652 1bak :559-652 1pmsA:444-546 1dbhA:444-546 1awe :444-546 1xdvB:444-546 1xd4A:444-546 1ki1D:1463-1571 1zc3B:174-273 1zc4D:174-273 1ntyA:1421-1532 1rj2D:706-821 1kzgC:831-946 1lb1C:831-946 1kz7C:831-946 1mai :22-130 1foeE:1261-1395

Pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) is a protein domain of approximately 120 amino acids that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].

This domain can bind Phosphatidylinositol lipids within biological membranes (such as Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate), and proteins such as the βγ-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and protein kinase C. Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartment or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways.

Contents

[edit] Lipid binding specificity

Individual PH domains possess specificities for phosphoinositides phosphorylated at different sites within the inositol ring, e.g, some bind phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate but not Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate or Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate, while others may possess the requisite affinity. This is important because it makes the recruitment of different PH domain containing proteins sensitive to the activities of enzymes that either phosphorylate or dephosphorylate these sites on the inositol ring, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase or PTEN, respectively. Thus, such enzymes exert a part of their effect on cell function by modulating the localization of downstream signaling proteins that possess PH domains that are capable of binding their phospho-lipid products.

[edit] Structure

The 3D structure of several PH domains has been determined[8]. All known cases have a common structure consisting of two perpendicular anti-parallel beta sheets, followed by a C-terminal amphipathic helix. The loops connecting the beta-strands differ greatly in length, making the PH domain relatively difficult to detect while providing the source of the domain's specificity. The only conserved residue among PH domains is a single tryptophan located within the alpha helix.

[edit] Proteins containing PH domain

PH domains can be found in many different proteins, as OSBP or ARF. Recruitment to the Golgi in this case is dependent on both PtdIns and ARF. A large number of PH domains have poor affinity for phosphoinositides and are hypothesized to function as protein binding domains. Proteins reported to contain PH domains belong to the following families:

  • Pleckstrin, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. Pleckstrin is one of the rare proteins to contain two PH domains.
  • Ser/Thr protein kinases such as the Akt/Rac family, the beta-adrenergic receptor kinases, the mu isoform of PKC and the trypanosomal NrkA family.
  • Tyrosine protein kinases belonging to the Btk/Itk/Tec subfamily.
  • Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1).
  • Regulators of small G-proteins like guanine nucleotide releasing factor GNRP (Ras-GRF) (which contains 2 PH domains), guanine nucleotide exchange proteins like vav, dbl, SoS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC24, GTPase activating proteins like rasGAP and BEM2/IPL2, and the human break point cluster protein bcr.
  • Cytoskeletal proteins such as dynamin (see IPR001401), Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see IPR001752), spectrin beta-chain, syntrophin (2 PH domains) and S. cerevisiae nuclear migration protein NUM1.
  • Mammalian phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) (see IPR000909) isoforms gamma and delta. Isoform gamma contains two PH domains, the second one is split into two parts separated by about 400 residues.
  • Oxysterol binding proteins OSBP, S. cerevisiae OSH1 and YHR073w.
  • Mouse protein citron, a putative rho/rac effector that binds to the GTP-bound forms of rho and rac.
  • Several S. cerevisiae proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and bud formation like BEM2, BEM3, BUD4 and the BEM1-binding proteins BOI2 (BEB1) and BOI1 (BOB1). * C. elegans protein MIG-10.

[edit] Subfamilies

[edit] Human proteins containing PH domain

ABR; ADRBK1; ADRBK2; AFAP; AFAP1; AFAP1L1; AFAP1L2; AKAP13; AKT1; AKT2; AKT3; ANLN; APBB1IP; APPL1; APPL2; ARHGAP10; ARHGAP12; ARHGAP15; ARHGAP21; ARHGAP22; ARHGAP23; ARHGAP24; ARHGAP25; ARHGAP26; ARHGAP27; ARHGAP9; ARHGEF16; ARHGEF18; ARHGEF19; ARHGEF2; ARHGEF3; ARHGEF4; ARHGEF5; ARHGEF6; ARHGEF7; ARHGEF9; ASEF2; BMX; BTK; C20orf42; C9orf100; CADPS; CADPS2; CDC42BPA; CDC42BPB; CDC42BPG; CENTA1; CENTA2; CENTB1; CENTB2; CENTB5; CENTD1; CENTD2; CENTD3; CENTG1; CENTG2; CENTG3; CIT; CNKSR1; CNKSR2; COL4A3BP; CTGLF1; CTGLF2; CTGLF3; CTGLF4; CTGLF5; CTGLF6; DAB2IP; DAPP1; DDEF1; DDEF2; DDEFL1; DEF6; DEPDC2; DGKD; DGKH; DGKK; DNM1; DNM2; DNM3; DOCK10; DOCK11; DOCK9; DOK1; DOK2; DOK3; DOK4; DOK5; DOK6; DTGCU2; EXOC8; FAM109A; FAM109B; FARP1; FARP2; FGD1; FGD2; FGD3; FGD4; FGD5; FGD6; GAB1; GAB2; GAB3; GAB4; GRB10; GRB14; GRB7; IRS1; IRS2; IRS4; ITK; ITSN1; ITSN2; KALRN; KIF1A; KIF1B; KIF1Bbeta; MCF2; MCF2L; MCF2L2; MRIP; MYO10; NET1; NGEF; OBPH1; OBSCN; OPHN1; OSBP; OSBP2; OSBPL10; OSBPL11; OSBPL3; OSBPL5; OSBPL6; OSBPL7; OSBPL8; OSBPL9; PHLDA2; PHLDA3; PHLDB1; PHLDB2; PHLPP; PIP3-E; PLCD1; PLCD4; PLCG1; PLCG2; PLCH1; PLCH2; PLCL1; PLCL2; PLD1; PLD2; PLEK; PLEK2; PLEKHA1; PLEKHA2; PLEKHA3; PLEKHA4; PLEKHA5; PLEKHA6; PLEKHA7; PLEKHA8; PLEKHB1; PLEKHB2; PLEKHC1; PLEKHF1; PLEKHF2; PLEKHG1; PLEKHG2; PLEKHG3; PLEKHG4; PLEKHG5; PLEKHG6; PLEKHH1; PLEKHH2; PLEKHH3; PLEKHJ1; PLEKHK1; PLEKHM1; PLEKHM2; PLEKHO1; PLEKHQ1; PREX1; PRKCN; PRKD1; PRKD2; PRKD3; PSCD1; PSCD2; PSCD3; PSCD4; PSD; PSD2; PSD3; PSD4; RALGPS1; RALGPS2; RAPH1; RASA1; RASA2; RASA3; RASA4; RASAL1; RASGRF1; RGNEF; ROCK1; ROCK2; RTKN; SBF1; SBF2; SCAP2; SGEF; SH2B; SH2B1; SH2B2; SH2B3; SH3BP2; SKAP1; SKAP2; SNTA1; SNTB1; SNTB2; SOS1; SOS2; SPATA13; SPNB4; SPTBN1; SPTBN2; SPTBN4; SPTBN5; STAP1; SWAP70; SYNGAP1; TBC1D2; TEC; TIAM1; TRIO; TRIOBP; TYL; URP1; URP2; VAV1; VAV2; VAV3; VEPH1;

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Baltimore D, Mayer BJ, Ren R, Clark KL (1993). "A putative modular domain present in diverse signaling proteins". Cell 73 (4): 629–630. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90244-K. PMID 8500161. 
  2. ^ Hemmings BA, Haslam RJ, Koide HB (1993). "Pleckstrin domain homology". Nature 363 (6427): 309–310. doi:10.1038/363309b0. PMID 8497315. 
  3. ^ Gibson T, Musacchio A, Thompson J, Saraste M, Rice P (1993). "The PH domain: a common piece in the structural patchwork of signalling proteins". Trends Biochem. Sci. 18 (9): 343–348. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(93)90071-T. PMID 8236453. 
  4. ^ Gibson TJ, Musacchio A, Saraste M, Hyvonen M, Birney E (1994). "PH domain: the first anniversary". Trends Biochem. Sci. 19 (9): 349–353. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(94)90108-2. PMID 7985225. 
  5. ^ Pawson T (1995). "Protein modules and signalling networks". Nature 373 (6515): 573–580. doi:10.1038/373573a0. PMID 7531822. 
  6. ^ Hemmings BA, Ingley E (1994). "Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains in signal transduction". J. Cell. Biochem. 56 (4): 436–443. doi:10.1002/jcb.240560403. PMID 7890802. 
  7. ^ Saraste M, Hyvonen M (1995). "Pleckstrin homology domains: a fact file". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5 (3): 403–408. doi:10.1016/0959-440X(95)80104-9. PMID 7583640. 
  8. ^ Riddihough G (1994). "More meanders and sandwiches". Nat. Struct. Biol. 1 (11): 755–757. doi:10.1038/nsb1194-755. PMID 7634082. 

[edit] External links

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Protein domains
BZIP - DED - Kringle - PH - SH2 - SH3 - zinc finger - FYVE - PX - ENTH - BAR - PDZ - CARD - SUN - TRIO - C1 - LIM - C2
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