Plasmodium species infecting birds
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Species in five subgenera of Plasmodium infect birds - Bennettinia, Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia and Novyella.[1] Giovannolaia appears to be a polyphytic group and may be sudivided in the future.[2]
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[edit] Parasite listing
Species infecting birds include: P. accipiteris, P. alloelongatum, P. anasum, P. ashfordi, P. bambusicolai, P. bigueti, P. biziurae, P. buteonis, P. cathemerium, P. circumflexum, P. coggeshalli, P. corradettii, P. coturnix, P. dissanaikei, P. durae, P. elongatum, P. fallax, P forresteri, Plasmodium gabaldoni, P. gallinacium, P. garnhami, P. giovannolai, P. griffithsi, P. gundersi, P. guangdong, P. hegneri, P. hermani, P. hexamerium, P. huffi, P. jiangi, P. juxtanucleare, P. kempi, P. lophurae, P.lutzi, P. matutinum, P. nucleophilum, P. papernai, P. paranucleophilum, P. parvulum, P. pediocetti, P. paddae, P. pinotti, P. polare, P. relictum, P. rouxi, P. tenue, P. tejerai, P. tumbayaensis and P. vaughani.
[edit] Avian host records
- P. accipiteris - Levant sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes)
- P. alloelongatum - Levant sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes)
- P. ashfordi - great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus)[3]
- P. bigueti - the house sparrow (Passer domesticus)[4]
- P. biziurae - the musk duck (Biziura lobata)
- P. buteonis - common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
- P. cathemerium - red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceusp), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos leucopterus), cowbirds (Molothrus ater ater), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), magpies (Pica pica budsonia), bronze grackle (Quiscalus quiscuia aeneus) , finch (Richmondena cardinalis), canary (Serinus canaria), starling (Sturnus vulgaris), house wren (Troglodytes aedon), robin (Turdus migratorius), white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
- P. circumflexum - sharp-shinned hawk, (Accipiter striatus)[5] helmeted guineafowls, (Numida meleagris),[6] red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Cape May warbler (Dendroica tigrina), gray cat bird (Dumella carolinensis), juncos (Junco hyemalis byemalls), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), cowbirds (Molothrus ater ater, chestnut-tailed starling (Sturnus malabaricus), finch (Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis), trumpeter swans (Olor buccinator), brown thrasher (Toxostomar ufum), robin (Turdus migratorius), white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
- P. dissanaikei - Ross-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri manillensis)
- P. durae - turkeys (Meleagris species), the common peafowl (Pavo cristatus), francolins (Franoclinus leucoscepus and Franoclinus levialanti levialanti), Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and Lady Amherst pheasents (Chrysophus amherstiae)
- P. elongatum - great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus[7]), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus virginianus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), honeycreeper (Loxops parva), eastern screech owl (Otus asio), black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus),
- P. fallax - pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum), turkeys (Meleagris species), the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris)
- P. forresteri - eastern screech-owls (Otus asio), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), barred owls (Strix varia), bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus), broad-winged hawks (Buteo platypterus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis)
- P. gabaldoni - muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), rock pigeon (Columba livia)
- P. gallinaceum - red junglefowl (Gallus gallus)
- P. garnhami - the rain quail (Coturnix coromendalica)
- P. giovannolai - red-billed choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), the blackbird (Turdus merula)
- P. griffithsi - wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia)
- P. gundersi - Owls (Otus asio)
- P. guangdong - Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus)
- P. hegneri - common teal (Anas crecca)
- P. hermani - turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and bobwhites (Colinus virginianus)
- P. hexamerium - bluebirds
- P. jiangi - the red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus)
- P. juxtanucleare - red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus), white eared-pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon)[8]
- P. kempi - turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), chukars (Alectoris graeca), guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), peacocks (Pavo cristatus) and canaries (Serinus canaria). Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and domestic geese (Anser anser) may be transiently infected.[9]
- P. loprae - Peking duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
- P. nucleophilium - great tit (Parus major), gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)
- P. nucleophilum toucani - Swainson's Toucan (Ramphastos swainsonii)
- P. octamerium - pintail whydah bird (Vidua macroura)[10]
- P. paddae - the Java Sparrow (Padda oryzivora)
- P. paranucleophilum - South American tanager
- P. parvulum - vanga species
- P. pedioecetii - lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), Darwin's Nothura (Nothura darwinii), grouse
- P. pinotti - the Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola), Euneornis campestris, Loxipasser anoxanthus, the black-faced Grassquit (Tiaris bicolor)
- P. polare - Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), yellow wagtails (Motacilla flava)[11] and cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota)
- P. relictum - the little night owl (Athene noctua), house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), blue quails (Coturnix chinensis), blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus),Gyr falcons (Falco rusticolus), red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), Hawaiian honeycreepers, yellow wagtails (Motacilla flava), the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), red-billed choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), the tree sparrow (Passer montanus), the great tit (Parus major), the bearded tit (Panurus biarmicus), Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus), pheasents (Tragopan satyra), Turdus jamaicensis, the yellow-faced Grassquit (Tiaris olivacea)
- P. rouxi - partridges
- P. tenue - a babbler (Garrulax canorus taewanus) and the Pekin Robin (Leiothrix luteus)
- P. tejerai - domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)
- P. tumbayaensis - the thrush (Planethicus anthracinus)
- P. vaughani - blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), robins (Erithacus rubecula), red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), Loxigilla violacea, starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), juncos (Junco hyemalis hyemalis), the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Black-faced Grassquit (Tiaris bicolor) and White-eyed Thrush (Turdus jamaicensis)
[edit] Subspecies of avian malaria
- P. relictum has been divded into subspecies: P. relictum capistranoae, P. relicturn matutinum and P. relictum relictum.
- P. nucleophilum has at least one subspecies - P. nucleophilum toucani
Interelatedness
- P. durae is related to P. asanum, P. circumflexum, P. fallax, P. formosanum, P. gabaldoni, P. hegneri, P. lophrae, P. lophrae, P. pediocetti, P. pinotti, and P. polare.
- P. gallinacium is related to P. griffithsi
- P. relictum is related to P. cathemerium, P. giovannolai and P. matutinum. P. relictum may be difficult to distinguish from P. giovannolai on either morphological grounds or on the basis of host species.
- P. hexamerium is related to P. vaughni.
- P. ashfordi is related to P. vaughni.
[edit] Vectors of avian malaria
- Aedes species:
- Aedes aegypti - P. gallinacium
- Culex species:
- Culex fatigans - P. relictum
- Culex pipiens - P. cathermerium, P. paddae
- Culex pipiens pipiens - P. kempi
- Culex nigripalpus - P. elongatum, P. hermani
- Culex quinquefasciatus - P. relictum
- Culex restuans - P. elongatum, P. forresteri
- Culex salinarius - P. elongatum, P. hermani
- Culex stigmatastoma - P. relictum
- Culex tarsalis - P. kempi, P. hexamerium, P. relictum
- Mansonia species:
- Mansionia crassipes - P. gallinacium
[edit] Avian malaria notes
- P. relictum is known to infect over 70 bird families and 359 wild bird species so the record here should be regarded as incomplete. Additional host species can be found under the link Plasmodium relictum. It is likely that this species has been responsible for more bird extinctions than any other protist.
- P. vaughani is the second commonest species of avian malaria parasites after P. relictum.
- P. inconstans, P. irae, P. praecox, P. subpraecox and P. wasielewski have been re classified as P. relictum. P. subpraecox was described by Grassi and Feletti in 1892. P. wasielewski was described by Brumpt in 1909.
- P. elongatum infects 21 bird families and 59 species of bird. Additional host species are given under the link Plasmodium elongatum.
- P. dominicana is species known only from fossil amber.[12] It is thought to have been a species infecting birds. It has been placed in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus.
- The taxonomic status of P. corradettii (Laird, 1998) is currently regarded as dubious and may be revised.
- P. huffi may be the same species as P. nucleophilum toucani.
- P. oti is now regarded as the same species as P. hexamerium.
- There are currently 13 species recognised in the subgenus Novyella all of which are listed here.
A number of additional species have been described in birds - P. centropi, P. chloropsidis, P. gallinuae, P. herodialis, P. heroni, P. mornony, P. pericorcoti and P. ploceii - but the suggested speciation was based at least in part on the idea - 'one host - one species'. It has not been possible to reconcile the descriptions with any of the currently recongised species and these are not currently regarded as valid species. As further investigations are made into this genus these species may be resurrected.
A species P. japonicum has been reported[13] but this appears to be the only report of this species and should therefore be regarded of dubious validity.
[edit] References
- ^ Wiersch S.C., Maier W.A., Kampen H. (2005) Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) cathemerium gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis of malaria parasites. Parasitol. Res. 96(2): 90-94
- ^ Martinsen E.S.,Waite J.L.,Schall J.J. Morphologically defined subgenera of Plasmodium from avian hosts: test of monophyly by phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial genes (2006) Parasitol. 1-8
- ^ Valkiūnas G., Zehtindjiev P., Hellgren O., Ilieva M., Iezhova T.A., Bensch S. (2007) Linkage between mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites, with a description of Plasmodium (Novyella) ashfordi sp. nov. Parasitol. Res.
- ^ Landau I, Chabaud AG, Bertani S, and Snounou G. (2003) Parassitologia. 45(3-4):119-123 Taxonomic status and re-description of Plasmodium relictum (Grassi et Feletti, 1891), Plasmodium maior Raffaele, 1931, and description of P. bigueti n. sp. in sparrows.
- ^ Kirkpatrick CE, Lauer DM. (1985) Hematozoa of raptors from southern New Jersey and adjacent areas. J Wildl. Dis. 21(1):1-6.
- ^ Earle RA, Horak IG, Huchzermeyer FW, Bennett GF, Braack LE, Penzhorn BL. (1991) The prevalence of blood parasites in helmeted guineafowls, Numida meleagris, in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 58(3):145-147.
- ^ Valkiūnas G., Zehtindjiev P., Dimitrov D., Krizanauskiene A., Iezhova T.A., Bensch S. (2008) Polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum, with remarks on species identity of haemosporidian lineages deposited in GenBank. Parasitol. Res. 102(6):1185-1193.
- ^ Murata K., Nii R., Sasaki E., Ishikawa S., Sato Y., Sawabe K., Tsuda Y., Matsumoto R., Suda A., Ueda M. (2008) Plasmodium (Bennettinia) juxtanucleare infection in a captive white eared-pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) at a Japanese zoo. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70(2):203-205
- ^ Christensen B.M., Barnes H.J., Rowley W.A. (1983) Vertebrate host specificity and experimental vectors of Plasmodium (Novyella) kempi sp. n. from the eastern wild turkey in Iowa. J. Wildl. Dis. 19(3):204-213
- ^ Manwell R.D. (1968) Plasmodium octamerium n. sp., an avian malaria parasite from the pintail whydah bird Vidua macroura. J. Protozool. 15(4):680-685
- ^ Valkiunas G., Iezhova T.A. (2001) A comparison of the blood parasites in three subspecies of the yellow wagtail Motacilla flava. J. Parasitol. 87(4):930-934.
- ^ Poinar G. (2005) Plasmodium dominicana n. sp. (Plasmodiidae: Haemospororida) from Tertiary Dominican amber. Systematic Parasitol. 61 (1) 47-52
- ^ Manwell R.D. (1966) Plasmodium japonicum, P. juxtanucleare and P. nucleophilum in the Far East. J. Protozool. 13(1):8-11.
