Pinsk massacre

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 The neutrality of this article is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page.(April 2008)
Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.

The Pinsk massacre was the murder of thirty-five Jewish residents of Pinsk taken as hostages by the Polish Army after it captured the city in April 1919, during the opening phases of the Polish-Soviet War. The local Jews were arrested while holding a meeting. The Polish officer in charge, stating that the meeting was a Bolshevik gathering, ordered the execution of the suspects without trial. His decision was defended by his Polish military superiors, but widely criticized by international public opinion.

Contents

[edit] Massacre

On April 5th, after the Polish army had occupied Pinsk, some seventy-five Jewish civilians were participating in a meeting; sources vary on whether they had obtained permission to do so from the Polish garrison commander (Major Łuczyński)[1] or whether the meeting was not explicitly authorized.[2] Norman Davies notes that "the nature of the illegal meeting, variously described as a Bolshevik cell, an assembly of the local co-operative society, and a meeting of the Committee for American Relief, was never clarified".[2] The meeting was terminated and its participants were taken hostage by Polish soldiers, who believed that the Jews were having a meeting in support of the Bolsheviks (at that time the entire region was witnessing the beginning of the Polish-Soviet War and Bolshevik forces were near the city).[1] [2]

A Polish lieutenant,[3] after hearing rumours that the Jewish inhabitants of the town, who comprised the majority of the residents of Pinsk, were preparing to riot, panicked and, instead of carrying out a further investigation, ordered the execution of the hostages in order to make an example of them.[2] Within an hour of the arrest, thirty-five [1][3][4] of the detainees were shot by Polish soldiers.[4] Norman Davies notes that "most of the victims were Jewish".[2] The next morning three wounded victims found to be still alive and were killed by the Poles.[5]

A few days later Jewish population of the city was fined by Polish military authorities at Pinsk. Fine was 100,000 marks, the same amount that had been received by Jewish Relief Committee at Pinsk shortly before[6]

[edit] Reactions

[edit] Polish army

The Polish Group Commander General Antoni Listowski claimed that the gathering was a Bolshevik meeting and that the Jewish population attacked the Polish troops.[5] The overall tension of the military campaign was brought up as a justification for the crime.[7] The Polish military refused to give investigators access to documents, and the officers and soldiers were never punished. Major Łuczyński was not charged for any wrongdoing and was eventually transferred and promoted reaching the rank of colonel (1919) and general (1924) in the Polish army.[8] The events were criticized in the Sejm (Polish parliament), but representatives of the Polish army denied any wrongdoing.[4]

[edit] International

In the Western press of the time, the massacre was referred to as the Polish Pogrom at Pinsk,[9] and was noticed by wider public opinion. Upon a request of Polish authorities to president Wilson, an American mission was sent to Poland to investigate nature of the alleged atrocities. [10] The mission, led by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., published the Morgenthau Report on October 3, 1919. [5] [11] According to the findings of this commission, a total of about 300 Jews lost their lives in this and related incidents. The commission also severely criticized the actions of Major Łuczyński and his superiors with regards to handling of the events in Pinsk.[5] [11] However the Morgenthau commission also found out that the Polish military and civil authorities did do their best to prevent the incidents and their recurrence in the future; according to Morgenthau the excesses were "political as well as anti-Semitic in character". [11] [12]

[edit] Commemoration

In 1926, kibbutz Gevat (Gvat) was established by emigrants from Pinsk to the British Mandate of Palestine in commemoration of the Pinsk massacre victims. [13]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c Bendersky, Joseph W. (2000). The "Jewish Threat": Anti-semitic Politics of the American Arm. Basic Books, p.84-85. ISBN 0465006183. 
  2. ^ a b c d e Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20, St. Martin's Press, 1972, Page 47-48
  3. ^ a b Davies, Norman (2005). "God's Playground: A History of Poland". Columbia University Press, p.192. ISBN 0231128193. 
  4. ^ a b c Michlic, Joanna Beata (2006). "Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present". University of Nebraska Press, p.118. ISBN 0803232403. 
  5. ^ a b c d Mission of The United States to Poland, Henry Morgenthau, Sr. Report
  6. ^ Charles A. Selden Jews massacred, robbed by Poles New York Times, May 26, 1919
  7. ^ Документы и материалы по истории советско-польских отношений. Т. 2. М., 1963. ("Documents and materials in history of Soviet-Polish relations") LCCN 65-078640 С. 105-107. Документы внешней политики СССР ("Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR"), Т. 2. М., 1957-, С. 74—76., ISSN 0485-7127
  8. ^ (Polish) Lista starszeństwa generałów polskich w 1939 roku
  9. ^ See e.g. David Engel, "Poles, Jews, and Historical Objectivity", Slavic Review, Vol. 46, No. 3/4 (Autumn - Winter, 1987), pp. 568-580
  10. ^ Czerniakiewicz, p. 587
  11. ^ a b c Henry Morgenthau (1922). "Appendix. Report of the Mission of the United States to Poland", All in a Life-time. Doubleday, Page and Company. 
  12. ^ (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide.... McFarland & Company, p. 41-42. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. 
  13. ^ [1]

[edit] Bilbiography

  • Lewandowski, Józef (1988). "History and Myth: Pinsk, April 1919", Polin 2, 1988.  [2]
  • Czerniakiewicz, Andrzej (2004). "Ekscesy antyżydowskie wojsk polskich na Kresach Północno-Wschodnich RP", Świat niepożegnany (in Polish). Warsaw/London: ISP PAN / RYTM. ISBN 8373990836. 
Languages