Pierre d'Aubusson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Armoiries of Pierre d'Aubusson, intermixed with those of the Knights of Saint John, on a bombard he ordered. The top inscription further reads: "F. PETRUS DAUBUSSON M HOSPITALIS IHER".
Armoiries of Pierre d'Aubusson, intermixed with those of the Knights of Saint John, on a bombard he ordered. The top inscription further reads: "F. PETRUS DAUBUSSON M HOSPITALIS IHER".

Pierre d'Aubusson (1423 - June 30, 1503) was a Grand Master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem (the Knights Hospitaller) and a zealous opponent of the Ottoman Empire.

Pierre probably joined the Knights of St. John in 1444 or 1445 and then left for Rhodes.

Contents

[edit] Early life and education

Pierre d'Aubusson was born in the castle of Le Monteil (today: Le Monteil au Vicomte, in the French department of Creuse), the fifth son of Jean d'Aubusson. His older brother Antoine had a brilliant career serving Charles VII and Louis XI, and the three other brothers became bishops.

The information concerning his youth up to 1444, which has been printed since the 17th Century, is not reliable, coming from the fertile imagination of R.P. Dominique Bouhours, a Jesuit who published a biography of Pierre d'Aubusson (Paris, Mabre-Cramoisy, 1677) at the behest of Marshall d'Aubusson-La Feuillade.

[edit] Grand Prior

Pierre d'Aubusson was elected "Grand Prior" of the "Langue d'Auvergne" in early 1476. In June 1476, he was elected Grand Master of the Order, having been a very close associate of a previous Grand Master, Raymond Zacosta, and responsible for the repair and modernization of the fortifications of the city of Rhodes, the other castles of the Order on the islands of the Dodecanese, and the Château Saint Pierre (formerly Halicarnasse, today Bodrum, Turkey).

[edit] Siege of Rhodes

Main article: Siege of Rhodes (1480)
Bombard-Mortar of the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, Rhodes, 1480-1500. This is the largest known bombard in history. Founded at the request of Pierre d'Aubusson, the bombard was used for close defense of the walls (100-200 meters). It fired 260 kg granite balls. The bombard weighs 3,325 kg. Musée de l'Armée.
Bombard-Mortar of the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, Rhodes, 1480-1500. This is the largest known bombard in history. Founded at the request of Pierre d'Aubusson, the bombard was used for close defense of the walls (100-200 meters). It fired 260 kg granite balls. The bombard weighs 3,325 kg. Musée de l'Armée.

Sultan Mehmed II began to threaten Europe. In May 1480 a large Ottoman fleet appeared before Rhodes, carrying an invading army of some 100,000 men under the command of Mesih Pasha (originally a Greek by the name of Michael Palaiologos who had converted to Islam after the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks).

The Knights were reinforced from France by 500 knights aud 2000 soldiers under d'Aubusson's brother Antoine. The siege lasted until August. After three unsuccessful attempts againsts the City, the Turkish force was compelled to withdraw, leaving behind them 9000 dead. The siege, in which d'Aubusson was wounded three times, enhanced his renown throughout Europe.

Sultan Mehmed was furious and would have attacked the island again but for his death in 1481. His succession was disputed between his sons Bayezid and Cem. The latter, after his defeat by Bayezid, sought refuge at Rhodes under a safe-conduct from the Grand Master and the General Convent of the Order.

Rhodes not being considered secure, Cem with his own consent was sent to Bourganeuf in France where he was kept under the guard of Guy de Blanchefort, Pierre d'Aubusson's nephew.

[edit] Guarding Cem

D'Aubusson accepted an annuity of 45,000 ducats from Sultan Bayezid, in return for which he undertook to guard Cem in such a way as to prevent him from appealing to the Christian powers to aid him against his brother.

D'Aubusson's reward was a cardinal's hat (1489)[1] and the power to confer all benefices connected with the Order without the sanction of the papacy. In addition, the Order of St. John received the assets of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, which was merged into the Order of St. John, and a number of Italian commandries of the Knights of St. Lazarus.

[edit] Later life

The remaining years of his life d'Aubusson spent attempting to restore discipline and zeal in his Order and to organize a grand crusade against the Turks. The age of the Renaissance, with Rodrigo Borgia on the throne of St. Peter, was, however, not favourable to such an enterprise.

The death of Cem in 1495 had removed the most formidable weapon available against the Sultan. And when in 1501 d'Aubusson led an expedition against Mytilene, dissension among his motley host rendered this enterprise wholly abortive. His last years were embittered by chagrin at his failure, which was hardly compensated by his success in extirpating Judaism in Rhodes, by expelling all adult Jews and forcibly baptizing their children.

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 9, 1489
Preceded by
Giovanni Battista Orsini		 Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
1476–1503		 Succeeded by
Emery d'Amboise