Philip I of Castile

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"Philip the Handsome" redirects here. For Philip the Fair, see Philip IV of France.
Philip I
King of Castile and Léon, titular Duke of Burgundy, Archduke of Austria, Count of Artois and Flanders, Count Palatine of Burgundy &c
Reign 27 March 1482–25 September 1506
Titles Duke of Burgundy (27 March 1482–25 September 1506),
Count of Artois, Charolais, Flanders, Hainault, Count Palatine of Burgundy, &c
(27 March 1482–25 September 1506)
Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (27 March 1482–1492)
jure uxoris King of Castile (26 November 1504–25 September 1506)
Born 22 July 1478
Birthplace Bruges, Flanders
Died September 25, 1506 (aged 28)
Place of death Burgos, Castile
Predecessor Mary the Rich
Successor Emperor Charles V
Consort Joanna of Castile (1479–1555)
Issue Eleanor (1498–1558)
Charles (1500–1558)
Isabella (1501–1525)
Ferdinand (1503–1564)
Mary (1505–1558)
Catherine (1507–1578)
Royal House Habsburg
Father Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459-1519)
Mother Mary the Rich (1457-1482)

Philip I, also known as Philip the Handsome (July 22, 1478 – September 25, 1506; Spanish: Felipe el Hermoso; German: Philipp der Schöne; French: Philippe le Beau; Dutch: Filips de Schone) was the son of the Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Through his mother Mary of Burgundy he inherited the greater part of the Burgundian state the Burgundian Netherlands and through his wife Joanna the Mad he briefly succeeded to the kingdom of Castile. He was the first Habsburg ruler in Spain and his successors recognized him as Philip I of Castile. He never inherited his father's territories, or became Holy Roman Emperor, because he predeceased his father.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Early life

Philip was born in Bruges, in the County of Flanders (today in Belgium) and was named after his great-grandfather, Philip the Good. In 1482, upon the death of his mother Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold, he succeeded to her Burgundian possessions under the guardianship of his father. A period of turmoil ensued which witnessed sporadic hostilities between, principally, the large towns of Flanders (especially Ghent and Bruges) and the supporters of Maximilian.

During this interregnum, the young Philip became caught up in events and was even briefly sequestered in Bruges as part of the larger Flemish campaign to support their claims of greater autonomy, which they had wrested from Mary of Burgundy in an agreement known as the Blijde Inkomst or Joyous Entry of 1477. By the early 1490s, the turmoil of the interregnum gave way to an uneasy stand-off, with neither French support for the cities of the Franc (Flanders), nor Imperial support from Maximilian's father Frederick III proving decisive. Both sides came to terms in the Peace of Senlis in 1493, which smoothed over the internal power struggle by agreeing to make the 15-year old Philip prince in the following year.

[edit] The Burgundian inheritance and the Spanish alliance

Philip by the Master of the Magdalen Legend
Philip by the Master of the Magdalen Legend

In 1494 Maximilian relinquished his regency under the terms of the Treaty of Senlis and Philip, at the age of 16, took over the rule of the Burgundian lands himself, although in practice authority was derived from a council of Burgundian notables. On October 20, 1496, he married the Infanta Juana, daughter of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile, in Lier, Belgium.

The marriage was one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámara, designed to strengthen both against growing French power, which had increased significantly thanks to the policies of Louis XI and the successful assertion of regal power after war with the League of the Public Weal. The matter became more urgent after Charles VIII's invasion of Italy (known as the First Peninsular War).

Philip's sister Margaret married Don Juan, the only son of Ferdinand and Isabella and successor to the unified crowns of Castile and Aragon. [1] The double alliance was never intended to let the Spanish kingdoms fall under Habsburg control. At the time of her marriage to Philip, Juana was third in line to the throne, with both Juan and his elder sister Isabella married and hopeful of progeny.

[edit] The Castilian inheritance

Juana of Castile
Juana of Castile

In 1500, shortly after the birth in Flanders of Juana and Philip's second child (the future Charles V), the succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns was thrown into turmoil. The heir apparent, Don Juan, had died in 1497 very shortly after his marriage to Margaret of Austria. The succession thereby passed to Queen Isabella, who had married King Manuel I of Portugal. She died in 1498, while giving birth to a son, the Infante Miguel, to whom succession to the united crowns of Castile, Aragon and Portugal now fell; however, the infant was sickly, and he died during the summer of 1500. The succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns now fell to Juana. Because Ferdinand could conceivably produce another heir, the Cortes of Aragon refused to recognise Juana and Philip as the heirs presumptive to the Kingdom of Aragon. In Castile, however, the succession was clear. Moreover, there was no salic tradition which the Castilian Cortes could use to thwart the succession passing to Juana. At this point, the issue of Juana's mental incompetence moved from courtly annoyance to the centre of the political stage, since it was clear that Philip and his Burgundian entourage would be the real power-holders in Castile.

In 1502, Philip, Juana and a large part of the Burgundian court travelled to Spain to receive fealty from the Cortes of Castile as king, a journey chronicled in intense detail by Antoon van Lalaing (French: Antoine de Lalaing), the future Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. Philip and the majority of the court returned to the Low Countries in the following year, leaving a pregnant Juana behind in Madrid, where she gave birth to Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor. Philip's life with Juana was rendered extremely unhappy by his infidelity and by her jealousy, which, working on a neurotic temperament, furthered her insanity. The princess gave way to paroxysms of rage, in which she was guilty of acts of atrocious violence. Before her mother's death, in 1504, she was unquestionably quite insane, and husband and wife lived apart.

[edit] Struggle for power in Spain

When Queen Isabella died, King Ferdinand endeavoured to lay hands on the regency of Castile, but the nobles, who disliked and feared him, forced him to withdraw. Philip was summoned to Spain, where he was recognized as king. He landed, with his wife, at La Coruña on April 28, 1506, accompanied by a body of German mercenaries. Father and son-in-law mediated under Cardinal Cisneros at Remesal, near Puebla de Sanabria, and at Renedo, the only result of which was an indecent family quarrel, in which Ferdinand professed to defend the interests of his daughter, whom he said was imprisoned by her husband.

A civil war would probably have broken out between them; but Philip, who had only been in Spain long enough to prove his incapacity, died suddenly at Burgos, apparently of typhoid fever, on September 25, 1506. His wife refused for long to allow his body to be buried or to part from it.

[edit] Family

Philip and Juana of Castile had six children:

[edit] Ancestors

Philip's ancestors in three generations
Philip the Handsome Father:
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor		 Paternal Grandfather:
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor		 Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Ernest, Duke of Austria
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Cymburgis of Masovia
Paternal Grandmother:
Eleanor of Portugal, Empress		 Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Edward of Portugal
Paternal Great-Grandmother:
Leonor of Aragon
Mother:
Mary of Burgundy		 Maternal Grandfather:
Charles I, Duke of Burgundy		 Maternal Great-Grandfather:
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Isabel of Portugal
Maternal Grandmother:
Isabella of Bourbon		 Maternal Great-grandfather:
Charles I, Duke of Bourbon
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Agnes of Burgundy

[edit] Titles

[edit] References

  1. ^ Hermann Wiesflecker, Maximilian I. und die habsburgische-spanischen Heirats- und Bündnisverträge von 1495-1496, in Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 67 (1959)
  • Cauchies, Jean-Marie (2003). Philippe le Beau: le dernier duc de Bourgogne. Turnhout: Brepols. 

[edit] External links

Philip I of Castile
Born: 22 February 1478 Died: 25 September 1506
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Isabella I and Ferdinand V		 King of Castile and Leon
26 November 1504–25 September 1506
with Joanna		 Succeeded by
Joanna and Charles I
Preceded by
Mary		 Titular Duke of Burgundy
22 February 1482–25 September 1506		 Succeeded by
Charles
Duke of Brabant, Limburg and Lothier,
Duke of Luxemburg, Margrave of Namur, Count of Artois and Flanders,
Count of Charolais,
Count of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland,
Count Palatine of Burgundy
22 February 1482–25 September 1506
Duke of Guelders, Count of Zutphen
22 February 1482–1492		 Succeeded by
Charles of Egmond