Phantom eye syndrome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Phantom eye syndrome Classification and external resources |
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| Anatomy of the eye. The external eye muscles are shown in red. | |
| ICD-10 | G54.6, G54.7 |
| ICD-9 | 353.6 |
The phantom eye syndrome is a phantom pain in the eye and visual hallucinations, after the removal of an eye (enucleation, evisceration).
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[edit] Symptomatology
Many patients experience one or more phantom phenomena after the removal of the eye:
- Phantom pain in the (removed) eye (prevalence: 26%)[1]
- Non-painful phantom sensations[1]
- Visual hallucinations. About 30% of patients report visual hallucinations of the removed eye[1]. Most of these hallucinations consist of basic perceptions (shapes, colors). In contrast, visual hallucinations caused by severe visual loss (Charles Bonnet syndrome) are less frequent (prevalence 10%) and often consist of detailed images.
[edit] Pathogenesis
[edit] Phantom pain and non-painful phantom sensations
Phantom pain and non-painful phantom sensations result from changes in the central nervous system due to denervation of a body part [2][3]. Phantom eye pain is considerably less common than phantom limb pain. The prevalence of phantom pain after limb amputation ranged from 50% to 78%. The prevalence of phantom eye pain, in contrast, is about 30%.
Post-amputation changes in the cortical representation of body parts adjacent to the amputated limb are believed to contribute to the development of phantom pain and nonpainful phantom sensations. One reason for the smaller number of patients with phantom eye pain compared with those with phantom limb pain may be the smaller cortical somatosensory representation of the eye compared with the limbs.
In limb amputees, some[3] but not all studies have found a correlation between preoperative pain in the affected limb and postoperative phantom pain. There is a significant association between painful and nonpainful phantom experiences and preoperative pain in the symptomatic eye and headache[4]. Based on the present data it is difficult to determine if headaches or preoperative eye pain play a causal role in the development of phantom phenomena, or if headache, preoperative eye pain, and postoperative phantom eye experiences are only epiphenomena of an underlying factor. However, a study in humans demonstrated that experimental pain leads to a rapid reorganization of the somatosensory cortex [5] This study suggests that preoperative and postoperative pain may be an important cofactor for somatosensory reorganization and the development of phantom experiences.
[edit] Visual hallucinations
Enucleation of an eye and, similarly, retinal damage, lead to a cascade of events in the cortical areas receiving visual input. Cortical GABAergic (GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid) inhibition decreases and cortical glutamatergic excitation increases, followed by increased visual excitibility or even spontaneous activity in the visual cortex [6] It is believed that spontaneous activity in the denervated visual cortex is the neural correlate of visual hallucinations.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Soros P, Vo O, Husstedt IW, Evers S, Gerding H. "Phantom eye syndrome: Its prevalence, phenomenology, and putative mechanisms." Neurology. 2003 May 13;60(9):1542-3. PMID 12743251.
- ^ Ramachandran VS, Hirstein W. "The perception of phantom limbs." Brain. 1998;121:1603–1630. PMID 9762952
- ^ a b Nikolajsen L, Jensen TS. "Phantom limb pain." British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2001 Jul;87(1):107-16. PMID 11460799
- ^ Nicolodi M, Frezzotti R, Diadori A, Nuti A, Sicuteri F. "Phantom eye: features and prevalence. The predisposing role of headache." Cephalalgia. 1997 Jun;17(4):501-4. PMID 9209770.
- ^ Soros P, Knecht S, Bantel C, Imai T, Wusten R, Pantev C, Lutkenhoner B, Burkle H, Henningsen H. "Functional reorganization of the human primary somatosensory cortex after acute pain demonstrated by magnetoencephalography." Neuroscience Letters 2001 Feb 9;298(3):195-8. PMID 11165440.
- ^ Eysel UT, Schweigart G, Mittmann T, Eyding D, Qu Y, Vandesande F, Orban G, Arckens L "Reorganization in the visual cortex after retinal and cortical damage." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 1999;15(2-3):153-64. PMID 12671230.
