User:Peter I. Vardy/sandbox3

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The earliest documentary reference to the name of the town is in the Saxon Chronicle where it is Rumcofan. This derives from the Anglo-Saxon words rúm, meaning wide or broad, and cofa, meaning cave or cove, the whole meaning a wide cove or bay. Subsequent spellings have been Rumcoven, Ronchestorn, Runckhorne and Runcorne, finally becoming the modern name of Runcorn.^[1]

Little is known about the early history of the settlement but isolated findings of objects from the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages have been made and there is evidence of a Roman presence in the area.^[2] The earliest recorded event in its history is the building by Ethelfleda of a fortification at Runcorn to protect the northern frontier of her kingdom of Mercia against the Vikings in 915. The fort was built on Castle Rock overlooking the River Mersea at Runcorn Gap.^[3]

Halton Castle in the 18th century

Following the Norman conquest, Runcorn was not mentioned in the 1086 Domesday survey, although surrounding settlements were. William the Conqueror granted the earldom of Chester to Hugh d'Avranches who granted the barony of Halton to Nigel. It is likely that Nigel erected a motte and bailey castle on Halton Hill in the 1070s.^[4] In 1115, Nigel's son, William Fitznigel, founded an Augustinian Priory at Runcorn. In 1134 the priory was moved to Norton, about 3.5 miles (5.5 km) away. In 1391 the priory was raised to the higher status of abbey.^[5] In 1536 the monastery was dissolved, and around nine years later the buildings and some of the monastic lands were sold to Sir Richard Brooke who converted the habitable part of the abbey into a house.^[6]

During the Civil War Halton Castle was held for the Royalists by John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers, the Steward of Halton. It fell twice to Parliamentarian Roundheads. The first siege was led by Sir William Brereton in 1643; the second was during the following year. Following this, a "Council of War" was held in Warrington in 1646 at which it was decided that the castle should be slighted.^[7] In 1656, Runcorn was described as being "nothing but a fair parish church, a parsonage and a few scattered tenements".^[8] And so it remained for over a century, an isolated and poor hamlet. The only through traffic used the ferry which crossed from Runcorn to the north bank of the River Mersey. Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early years of the 19th century the town was a health resort.^[9]

Soap and alkali works on the Bridgewater canal during the 19th century

During the 18th century water transport had been improved in the area by the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, the Bridgewater Canal and the Trent and Mersey Canal. This gave Runcorn waterway connections with most of the interior of England through the canal system and with the sea along the River Mersey, thus forming the basis for the development of the Port of Runcorn.^[10] Later came the Runcorn to Latchford canal, and the Weston canal which gave better access to the Weaver Navigation system.^[11] Industries began to develop within and around the town, in particular quarrying for Runcorn sandstone, shipbuilding, engineering, the manufacture of soap and chemicals and tanning. Runcorn was becoming an industrialised and highly polluted town. During the later 19th century the town became increasingly dominated by the chemical and tanning industries.

In 1868 the Runcorn Railway Bridge was opened across the Mersey, giving Runcorn direct rail links with Liverpool and the rest of the country.^[12] In the 1880s a pipeline was opened between Northwich and Weston Point, supplying brine to the salt and chemical works.^[13] In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was opened throughout its length.^[14] This allowed ocean-going ships to travel inland as far as Salford, some of them calling at the port of Runcorn. The rise in population between 1881 and 1891 and the drop by 1901 is explained by the number of people involved in constructing the ship canal. In 1905 the Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge opened, giving a direct link for vehicular traffic for the first time between the two towns.^[15]

During the first half of the 20th century the industry of the town continued to be dominated by chemicals and tanning. In 1926 four chemical companies merged to form Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). As the century progressed there was diversification of industry. In 1961 the Transporter Bridge was replaced by Runcorn Road Bridge (since named the Silver Jubilee Bridge) which allowed a more efficient means of road traffic across Runcorn Gap. Major changes came with the designation of Runcorn New Town in 1964. The tanneries had been declining and the last one closed in 1968.^[16] The chemical industry has declined while there has been development of light industry in the Old Town and around the outskirts of the New Town together with warehouses and distribution centres.