Petrarchan
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Petrarchan (also Petrarchanism, Petrarchian) - Refers to a concept of unattainable love first developed by Italian humanist and writer, Francesco Petrarch. Petrarch either invented - or made famous the Italian sonnet pattern, which is known to this day as the Petrarchan sonnet or the Italian sonnet. This phrase is often used in reference to romantic literature including analysis of Shakespeare.
Conventionally Petrarchan depicted the lady as a model and inspiration.
Original Italian sonnet form in which the sonnet's rhyme scheme divides the poem's 14 lines into two parts, an octave (first eight lines) and a sestet (last six lines). The rhyme scheme for the octave is typically abbaabba. There are a few possibilities for the sestet, including cdecde, cdcdcd, and cdcdee. This form was used in the earliest English sonnets by Wyatt and others. For background on the pre-English sonnet, see Professor Robert Canary's informative web page, The Continental Origins of the Sonnet.
The Petrarchan Sonnet consists of many rhymed lines, more than any other sonnet. This is much easier to accomplish in Italian, a language more rich in rhyming words, than in English. The first eight lines create an octave, with the rhyme scheme a b b a a b b a. The last six lines make up a sestet and may consist of following rhyme schemes: 1) c d e c d e 2) c d e d c e 3) c d c d c d.
The Petrarchan sonnet form, also known as the Italian sonnet form, takes its name from being the trademark of the 14th-century Italian poet, Petrarch. The octave and sestet have special functions in a Petrarchan sonnet. The octave's purpose is to introduce a problem, express a desire, reflect on reality, or otherwise present a situation that causes doubt or conflict within the speaker. It usually does this by introducing the problem within its first quatrain (unified four-line section) and developing it in the second. The beginning of the sestet is known as the volta, and it introduces a pronounced change in tone in the sonnet; the sestet's purpose as a whole is to make a comment on the problem or to apply a solution to it.
Poets adopting the Petrarchan sonnet form take freedoms with it in that they do not necessarily restrict themselves to the strict metrical or rhyme schemes of the traditional Petrarchan form; some use iambic hexameter, while others do not observe the octave-sestet division created by the traditional rhyme scheme. Whatever the changes made by poets exercising artistic license, no "proper" Italian sonnet has more than five different rhymes in it.
Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey are both known for their translations of Petrarch's sonnets from Italian into English. While Howard tended to use the English sonnet form in his own work, reserving the Petrarchan form for his translations of Petrarch, Wyatt made extensive use of the Italian sonnet form in the poems of his that were not translation and adaptation work.
