Peter Philips

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This article is about the 16th century English composer. For persons named Peter Phillips, see Peter Phillips (disambiguation).

Peter Philips (c. 1560 – 1628) was an eminent English composer, organist, and Catholic priest exiled to Flanders after the start of the Protestant Reformation. He was one of the greatest keyboard virtuosos of his time, and transcribed or arranged several Italian motets and madrigals by such as Lassus, Palestrina, and Giulio Caccini for his instruments. Some of his keyboard works are found in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. Philips also wrote many sacred choral works.

1 Life
2 Works
3 Collections and scores
4 Discography
5 External links

[edit] Life

Philips was born in 1560 or 1561, possibly in Devonshire or London. From 1572 to 1578 he began his career as a boy chorister at St Paul's Cathedral in London, under the aegis of the Catholic master of choristers, Sebastian Westcote (d. 1582), who had also trained the young William Byrd some twenty years earlier. Philips must have had a close relationship with his master, as he lodged in his house up to the time of Westcote's death, and was a beneficiary of his Will.

In this same year of 1582 Philips left England for good, like so many others for reasons of his Catholicism, and stayed briefly in Flanders before travelling to Rome where he entered the service of Alessandro Cardinal Farnese (1520-1589), with whom he stayed for three years, and was also engaged as organist at the English Jesuit College. It was here that in February 1585 he met a fellow Catholic exile, Thomas, third Baron Paget (c.1544-1590). Philips entered Paget's service as a musician, and the two left Rome in March 1585, travelling over several years to Genoa, Madrid, Paris, Brussels and finally Antwerp, where Paget died in 1590.

Philips settled in Antwerp, where he married, gaining a precarious living by teaching the virginals to children. In 1593 he went to Amsterdam "to sie and heare an excellent man of his faculties", doubtless Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck whose reputation had by then long been made. On his way back, Philips was denounced by a compatriot for complicity in a plot on Queen Elizabeth's life, and he was temporarily imprisoned at the Hague, where he probably composed the pavan and galliard Doloroso (Fitzwilliam Virginal Book nos. LXXX and LXXXI). Philips himself translated the accusations made against him during his trial, revealing that he could by then speak Dutch, or Flemish. He was acquitted and released without further charges.

Philips' fortunes took a turn for the better on his return, and in 1597 he was employed in Brussels as organist to the chapel of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria who had been appointed governor of the Low Countries in 1595. Here, after his wife – and child's – death, he became ordained a priest in either 1601 or 1609 – opinions differ; in any case, he received a canonry at Soignies in 1610, and another at Béthune in 1622 or 1623. In his position at court, Philips was able to meet the best musicians of the time, including Girolamo Frescobaldi, who visited the Low Countries in 1607-1608, and his fellow-countryman John Bull, who had fled England on a charge of adultery. His nearest colleague however was Peeter Cornet (c. 1575-1633), organist to Archduchess Isabella, wife of Philips' employer the archduke.

Philips died in 1628, probably in Brussels, where he was buried.

[edit] Works

Philips was an extremely prolific composer: his surviving motets number in the hundreds, and he also composed both instrumental and consort music. Although he was English, only some of his keyboard pieces are in the tradition of the virginalist school, and his vocal works are more in the style of the Italian composers of the time, such as Orlande de Lassus.

Works in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book:

The earliest surviving piece we know to be by Philips is a pavan dated 1580 in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book (no. LXXXV). It bears the note: The first one Phi[lips] made, and was the subject of a magnificent set of variations by Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck entitled Pavana Philippi, and others by Thomas Morley and John Dowland. Of Philip's 27 known (excluding doubtful works) keyboard pieces – pavans, galliards, fantasias and settings of Italian masters – no less than nineteen are included in the same collection. The probable compiler of the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, Francis Tregian the Younger, a fellow Catholic, was almost certainly acquainted with Philips: both men were at the court of Brussels in 1603, and Tregian may well have been responsible for importing Philips' works to England. The pavan Doloroso (no. LXXX) appears to be dedicated to Tregian, bearing the title Pauana Doloroso. Treg[ian], and there is also a Pavana Pagget with its galliard, dated 1590 and no doubt written on the death of his patron, Lord Thomas Paget. Many of the pieces are settings of Italian composers, and in some Philips' name is spelled the Flemish way: Peeter suggesting that the scribe – possibly Tregian himself [1] – was copying from continental manuscripts.

Other works:

1591: Philips' publisher in Antwerp, Pierre Phalèse the Younger (1550-1629), printed his collection of madrigals entitled Melodia Olympica, followed by further editions in 1594 and 1611.
1596: Philips published his Primo Libro de Madrigali a sei voci, a book of madrigals for six voices.
1598: A further book of madrigals for eight voices published.
1603: Another set of madrigals for six voices published.
1612: The first set of Cantiones Sacrae for five voices printed by Phalèse.
1613: A second set of Cantiones Sacrae Octonis Vocibus for double chorus of eight voices.
1613: Gemmulae Sacrae Binis et Ternis Vocibus cum Basso Continuo Organum.
1615: 3 Trios (without instrumentation) in L'Institution Harmonique by Salomon De Caus, Frankfurt 1616: Les Rossignols spirituels published, two and four-part arrangements of popular songs adapted to sacred texts in Latin and French.
1616: Deliciae sacrae binis et ternis vocibus cum basso continuo organum.
1623: Litanies to Loreto.
1628: Paradisus sacris cantionibus consitus, una, duabus et tribus vocibus decantantis.

[edit] Collections and scores

The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, J.A. Fuller Maitland and W. Barclay Squire, Dover Publications, New York 1963. SBN 486-21068-5.
Eight Keyboard Pieces by Peter Philips: A collection of all Philips' known music for keyboard instruments contained in sources other than the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. John Harley (ed.). Stainer & Bell, London 1995.
Complete Keyboard Music. David J Smith (ed.). Stainer & Bell, London 1999.
Cantiones Sacrae Octonis Vocibus (1613). Musica Britannica vol. 61. John Steele (ed.). Stainer & Bell, London 1992.
Select Italian Madrigals. Musica Britannica vol. 29. John Steele (ed.). Stainer & Bell, London 1985.