Peruvian arts
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| Culture of Peru |
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Architecture |
Peruvian art has its origin in the Andean civilizations. These civilizations rose in the territory of modern Peru before the arrival of the Spanish.
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[edit] Pre-Columbian Art
Peru's earliest artwork came from the varied society at the ceremonial complex of Chavín de Huántar, as well as Cupisnique. Work from this time was symbolic and religious in nature, and dates as far back as the 9th century BCE. The natives worked with gold, silver, and ceramics to create a variety of sculpture and relief. They were also known for their architecture and stone sculpturing.
Between the 8th and 1st century CE the Paracas Cavernas and Paracas Necropolis cultures developed on the south coast of Peru. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns.
In the 3rd century BCE, The urban culture called Moche grew at Lambayeque. The Mochica culture produced impressive architectural works, specifically the Huacas del Sol y de la Luna and the Huaca Rajada of Sipan. They specialized with cultivation in terraces,hydraulic engineering, and produced original ceramics, textile, pictorial and sculptural works.
The Wari civilization, between the 8th century and 12th century CE, was located in Ayacucho. Wari culture was built around centralized urban areas. This concept was expanded to zones like Pachacamac, Cajamarquilla, Wari Willca and others. The Empire of Tiwanaku, centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, rose by the borders of Lake Titicaca between 9th and 13th centuries CE. This culture introduced the lithic architecture and sculpture of a monumental type and military urbanism. This kind of architecture was made thanks to the discovery of the bronze that allowed them to make the necessary tools.
Urban architecture reached a new height under the Chimú Culture. The Chimú built the city of Chan Chan in the valley of the Moche river, in La Libertad, between the 14th and 15th centuries. The Chimú were also skilled goldsmiths and made remarkable works of hydraulic engineering.[citation needed]
The Inca Civilization, that incorporated a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations that preceded it, has left important testimonies. Some of them are cities like Cuzco, architectonic rests like Sacsahuaman and Machu Picchu, and stone pavements that united Cuzco with the four cardinal points of the Inca Empire.
[edit] European influences
Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the ateliers founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the Cathedral choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima and a great part of the colonial production were registered.
The synthesis of European and indigenous influences was particularly evident in painting. You are able to see this in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, from D. de Mora, or in the linens of the Italians Mateo Pérez de Alesio and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Baroque also dominated the field of plastic arts. In the 19th century, the French neoclassic and romantic currents found their best representatives in L. Montero, Ignacio Merino, and Francisco Masias.
[edit] Indigenous movement
The establishment of the Fine Arts School of Lima (1919) had a decisive influence on Peruvian sculpture and painting.
In sculpture, some of the most remarkable artists include Luis Agurto, L. Valdettaro, Joaquin Roca Rey, J. Piqueras, Alberto Guzmán, Victor Delfín, and F. Sánchez.
Among the painters, Daniel Hernández, R. Grau, Cesar Quispez Asin, and Jose Sabogal are particularly notable. Sabogal headed the indigenous movement, which was one of the main influences on Peruvian contemporary painting; some of the most widely recognized painters are Fernando de Szyszlo, Alberto Davila, Armando Villegas, Sabino Springett, J. Alberto Tello Montalvo, Victor Humareda, M. A. Cuadros, Angel Chávez, Milner Cajahuaringa, Arturo Kubotta, Venancio Shinki, Alberto Quintanilla, G. Chávez, Tilsa Tsuchiya, David Herskowitz, Oscar Allain, and Carlos Revilla.
[edit] See also
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