Pearl Index
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The Pearl Index, also called the Pearl rate, is the most common technique used in clinical trials for reporting the effectiveness of a birth control method.
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[edit] Calculation and usage
Three kinds of information are needed to calculate a Pearl Index for a particular study:
- The total number months or cycles of exposure by women in the study.
- The number of pregnancies.
- The reason for leaving the study (pregnancy or other reason).
There are two calculation methods for determining the Pearl Index:
In the first method, the number of pregnancies in the study is divided by the number of months of exposure, and then multiplied by 1200.
In the second method, the number of pregnancies in the study is divided by the number of menstrual cycles experienced by women in the study, and then multiplied by 1300. 1300 instead of 1200 is used on the basis that the length of the average menstrual cycle is 28 days, or 13 cycles per year.
The Pearl Index is sometimes used as a statistical estimation of the number of unintended pregnancies in 100 woman-years of exposure (e.g. 100 women over one year of use, or 10 women over 10 years). It is also sometimes used to compare birth control methods, a lower Pearl index representing a lower chance of getting unintentionally pregnant.
Usually two Pearl Indexes are published from studies of birth control methods:
- Actual use Pearl Index, which includes all pregnancies in a study and all months (or cycles) of exposure.
- Perfect use or Method Pearl Index, which includes only pregnancies that resulted from correct and consistent use of the method, and only includes months or cycles in which the method was correctly and consistently used.
[edit] History
The index was introduced by Raymond Pearl in 1933.[1] It has remained popular for over seventy years, in large part because of the simplicity of the calculation.
[edit] Criticisms
Like all measures of birth control effectiveness, the Pearl Index is a calculation based on the observations of a given sample population. Thus studies of different populations using the same contraceptive, will yield different values for the index. The culture and demographics of the population being studied, and the instruction technique used to teach the method, have significant effects on its failure rate.[2][3]
The Pearl Index has unique shortcomings, however. It assumes a constant failure rate over time. That is an incorrect assumption for two reasons. First, the most fertile couples will get pregnant first. Couples remaining later in the study are, on average, of lower fertility. Second, most birth control methods have better effectiveness in more experienced users. The longer a couple is in the study, the better they are at using the method. So the longer the study length, the lower the Pearl Index will be - and comparisons of Pearl Indexes from studies of different lengths cannot be accurate.
The Pearl Index also provides no information on factors other than accidental pregnancy which may influence effectiveness calculations, such as:
- Dissatisfaction with the method
- Trying to achieve pregnancy
- Medical side effects
- Being lost to follow-up
A common misperception is that the highest possible Pearl Index is 100 - i.e. 100% of women in the study conceive in the first year. However, if all the women in the study conceived in the first month, the study would yield a Pearl Index of 1200 or 1300. The Pearl Index is only accurate as a statistical estimation of per-year risk of pregnancy if the pregnancy rate in the study was very low.
In 1966, two birth control statisticians advocated abandonment of the Pearl Index:[4][5]
- [The Pearl Index] does not serve as an estimator of any quantity of interest, and comparisons between groups may be impossible to interpret... The superiority of life table methods or other estimators that do not assume a constant hazard rate seems clear.[6]
[edit] Selected Pearl Index Values
- Combined oral contraceptive pills - 0.16%
- IUDs - 1-2%
- Rhythm method - 1-47% (strongly dependent on the regularity of the cycle)
- Billings method (based on cervical mucus) - 3%
- Symptothermal method (combination of periovulatory signs and temperature) - 0.8%[8]
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Pearl, Raymond (1933). "Factors in human fertility and their statistical evaluation". Lancet 222: 607-611. doi:.
- ^ Trussell J, Hatcher RA, Cates W, et al (1990). "A guide to interpreting contraceptive efficacy studies". Obstetrics and Gynecology 76: 558-567. PMID 2199875.
- ^ Trussell J (1991). "Methodological pitfalls in the analysis of contraceptive failure". Statistics in medicine 10: 201-220. doi:. PMID 2052800.
- ^ Sheps MC (1966). "Characteristics of a ratio used to estimate failure rates: occurrences per person year of exposure". Biometrics 22: 310-321. doi:. PMID 5961447.
- ^ Potter RG (1966). "Application of life table techniques to measurement of contraceptive effectiveness". Demography 3 (2): 297-304. doi:.
- ^ Kippley, John; Sheila Kippley (1996). The Art of Natural Family Planning, 4th addition, Cincinnati, OH: The Couple to Couple League, 140-141. ISBN 0-926412-13-2., which cites:
- ^ :Trussell J, Grummer-Strawn L (1991). "Further analysis of contraceptive failure of the ovulation method". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165: 2054-2059. PMID 1755470.
- Trussell J, Kost K (1987). "Contraceptive failure in the United States: A critical review of the literature". Studies in family planning 18: 237-282. doi:. PMID 3318006.
- Trussell J, Grummer-Strawn L (1990). "Contraceptive failure of the ovulation method of periodic abstinence". Family Planning Perspectives 22: 65-75. doi:. PMID 2189750.
- Trussell J, Strickler J, Vaughan B (1993). "Contraceptive efficacy of the diaphragm, the sponge and the cervical cap". Family Planning Perspectives 25: 100-105, 135. doi:. PMID 8354373.
- Trussell J, Kost K (1987). "Contraceptive failure in the United States: A critical review of the literature". Studies in family planning 18: 237-282. doi:. PMID 3318006.
- ^ Philippe, HJ; Jamin O, Martin MT (May 1992). "Natural methods of contraception". Revue de l'infirmière 42 (9): 58-60. PMID 1514009.
[edit] See also
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