Peşrev
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Peşrev /pɛʃˈɾɛv/, Pişrev /piʃˈɾɛv/, peshrev, or pishrev (called bashraf, بشرف, in Arabic) is an instrumental form in Turkish classical music. It is the name of the first piece of music played during a group performance called a fasıl /fʌˈsɯł/. It also serves as the penultimate piece of the "Mevlevi ayini", ritual music of the Mevlevi order, under the name son pişrev (final peşrev), preceding son semai. It usually uses simpler usuls than the other major form of instrumental music, saz semai.
Along with the samai, it was introduced into Arabic music in the 19th century, and became particularly popular in Egypt.
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[edit] Etymology
In Ottoman Turkish, it was a Persian loanword composed of the particles pīš, which means "before, ahead", and rev, "that which goes"; coming to mean "that which comes first". In Persian, the word pišdaramad is used instead to denote the first piece of a traditional music performance.
[edit] Structure
Peşrevs are composed of movements called hane /haːˈnɛ/ (lit. "house"), at the end of which there is always an unchanging particle introducing the teslim /t̪esˈliːm/(lit. "handing in") aka mülazime /mylaːziˈmɛ/ (lit. "that which is inseparable or constant"), i.e. the refrain. Peşrevs are named after the maqam used in the first hane and usually end with this maqam; in Turkish classical music theory, they are said to be "bound" to this maqam. There are always modulations to other maqams in the hanes that follow the first hane, but with the refrain (teslim), the piece always regains the principal mode. At the end of each hane, a pause is made on the strong degree of its maqam, forming a semi-cadence. This is called a yarım karar or nim karar (lit. "semi-decision"). Peşrevs usually have 4 hanes, yet they occasionally have 2, 5 or 6.[1]
In principle, they comport rather large usuls, yet peşrevs with shorter rhythmical patterns do exist. One rule that is never ever transgressed is that this usul may not be a compound meter of the family aksak. Some peşrevs, called batak or karabatak are so organized as to instigate a form of question and answer between instruments.
If the hanes are to be marked with [A, C, D, E] and the teslim with [B], the regular structure of a peşrev would be A+B/C+B/D+B/E+B, thus always ending with the teslim. For some, the teslim is also the first hane; therefore they have the structure: A/B+A/C+A/D+A.
[edit] Peşrev composers in Turkish classical music
Tanburi Büyük Osman Bey was a prominent peşrev composer. Other composers include Tanburi Cemil Bey, Gazi Giray Han and Dilhayat Kalfa.
[edit] References
- ^ ÖZKAN, İsmail Hakkı, Türk Mûsıkîsi Nazariyatı ve Usûlleri : Kudüm Velveleleri, Ötüken Neşriyat, Istanbul : 2000 (6th edition).
