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The Thai lunar calendar, Patitin Chantarakati (Thai: ปฏิทินจันทรคติ) (literally, Against-the-Sun Moon-Ways) is Thailand's version of the lunisolar Buddhist calendar used in the southeast Asian countries of Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar (formerly Burma). Based on the third-century Surya Siddhanta Hindu calendar, these combine lunar and solar calendars for a nominal year of 12 months. An extra day or extra 30-day month is intercalated at regular intervals; Thai, Lao, and Cambodian versions do not add the extra day to years with the extra month.

Contents

[edit] Legal v. religious calendar

For legal and hence commercial purposes, the Thai solar calendar, Patitin Suriyakati (ปฏิทินสุริยคติ), Thailand's version of the Gregorian calendar, replaced the Patitin Chantarakati in AD 1888 / 2431 BE. Still, the four principle lunar phases determine Buddhist Sabbaths (Uposatha), which are obligate holy days for observant Buddhists. Especially significant ones are also feast days. Thai Chinese likewise observe their Sabbaths and traditional Chinese holidays according to lunar phases. These move with respect to the solar calendar, so common Thai calendars incorporate Thai and Chinese calendar lunar dates for religious purposes. For astrological purposes, Thai birth certificates include both Thai lunar calendar dates and the appropriate one of the Chinese calendar Twelve Animals.

[edit] Years

Years may have three lengths—354, 355 or 384 days. (See also Lunar Year).

  • 354-day-long years contain only Prokatimas Thai: ปรกติมาสฅ (ปกกะติมาด) with hollow odd-numbered months of 29 days, and full even-numbered months of 30 days. A year of 354 days that has only normal months is a Prokatimas (normal-month) year.
  • 355-day-long years add an Athikawara Thai: อธิกวาร (อะทิกะวาน) (extra day) to the normally hollow 29-day Month 7. A year of 355 days having the intercalated day is an Athikawara (extra-day) year.
  • 384-day-long years add an Athikamas Thai: อธิกมาส (อะทิกะมาด) (extra month) that repeats the full, 30-day Month 8. A year of of 384 days having the intercalated month is an Athikamas (extra-month) year.

[edit] New years

  • The Thai lunar calendar does not mark the beginning of a new year when it starts a new 1-to-12 count.
  • The Thai solar calendar determines new civil and fiscal years, the three days of the traditional Thai New Year's feast, public secular holidays, and persons' legal age; it also accommodates the most significant of the lunar-determined feasts.
  • The Chinese calendar determines the day that a year assumes the name of the next Animal in the twelve-year Animal cycle.

[edit] Months

For more details on this topic, see month.

Du-an (Thai: เดือน) means either month or lunation.

Months of both Thai solar and lunar calendars number consecutively from 1 to 12, but calendars usually depict solar-month numbers in Arabic numerals, and lunar-month numbers in Thai numerals. Solar months also have names derived from the Sanskrit names of the signs of the zodiac; but, unlike other Buddhist calendar months that have names in Sanskrit or old Burmese, Thai lunar months have only number. The lunar calendar is based on the approximation that two lunations last 59 days: a 29 day hollow month followed by a 30 day full month&mdash but this is only marginally accurate. It is corrected at intervals by intercalation either of an extra full Month 8 or of a day added to the normally hollow Month 7. Except in the latter case, odd-numbered months are hollow, having 29 days; all even-numbered months are full, having 30 days. Note also that Months 1 and 2 are called out in archaic alternate numbers, with the remained being called by modern numbers.

[edit] Month 1 เดือน ๑

Du-an Aai (Thai: เดือนอ้าย) begins the cycle of counting the months anew, but does NOT signify the beginning of a new year. [1]. Aai, an archaic word in Thai but not in other dialects, means first-born (or eldest). [2] An odd-numbered hollow month, it is 29 days long.

[edit] Month 2 เดือน ๒

Du-an Yi (Thai: เดือนยี่) is from archaic ญี่ meaning 2[2]. An even-numbered full month, it is 30 days long.

[edit] Months 3-6 เดือน ๓ — ๖

Du-an 3 - 6 use the modern way to read numbers as do all remaining months. Months 3 - 6, as they alternate odd and even are alternately 29-day hollow months, or 30-day full months.

[edit] Month 7 เดือน ๗

Du-an 7, Month 7, a hollow month, is 29 days long in normal, Prokathimas years, but adds the Athikawara (extra day) when required for 355 day-long, Athikawara (extra-day) years .

[edit] Month 8 เดือน ๗

Du-an 8, is 30-day full month.

[edit] Month 8/8 เดือน ๘/๘

When an Athikamas (extra month) is needed in an Athikamas (extra-month) year, Month 8 repeats as เดือน ๘/๘ Month 8/8, variously read as —

Du-an Bad dap Bad —Month 8 slash 8,
Du-an Bad Song Khang —Month 8 Side Two, or
Du-an Bad Song Hon —Month 8 Time Two in the Isan language.

[edit] Months 9 - 12 เดือน ๙ — ๑๒

Du-an 8 - 12 complete the lunar cycle.

Note: this information applies only to the modern Thai lunar calendar, and is insufficient for deciphering lunar dates calculated in other modes.

[edit] Month divisions

Months divide into two periods designated by whether they are waxing or waning:

Khang Kuen 
ข้างขึ้น Waxing, the period from new moon to full moon
15 days, always
Khang Raem 
ข้างแรม Waning, the period from full moon to new moon
15 days in even-numbered full months
14 days in odd-numbered hollow months, except when Athikawara adds the extra day to Month 7.

Note: when not compounded with other words or syllables:

khang 
ข้าง [at, on, or to the] side
kuen 
ขึ้น to rise or mount
raem 
แรม to tire or retire.

[edit] Days

Days number sequentially from 1 to 14 or 15:

Kuen 1 Kham Du-an 1 
ขึ้น ๑ ค่ำ เดือน ๑ Waxing [Moon], [Day] 1 Evening, Month 1 ; on to
Raem 15 Kham Du-an 12 
แรม ๑๕ ค่ำ เดือน ๑๒ Waning [Moon], [Day] 15 Evening, Month 12.
Kham 
ค่ำ Evening nowadays is generally taken as the evening of the common day that begins and ends at midnight, rather than of a day that begins and ends at dusk. Past practice may have been different. But see Wan Wy Phra Chan, below.

[edit] Lunar-day names

  • Wan Phra วันพระ Day(s) Holy [to Buddhists] ; also called
    • Wan Thamma Sawana วันธรรมสวนะ (วันทำมะสะวะนะ) religious holy day(s) ; Buddhist sabbath(s) ; regularly fall on:
      • Kuen 8 ขึ้น ๘ first-quarter moon
      • Kuen 15 ขึ้น ๑๕ full moon ; also called
        • Wan Phen วันเพ็ญ day [of] full [moon].
          • WAN DUAN PHEN (Thai: วันเดือนเพ็ญ), the actual day of the full moon and KHUEN 15 KHAM do not always fall on the same day.
      • Raem 8 แรม ๘ third-quarter moon ; and
      • Raem 14 (15) แรม ๑๔ (๑๕) last day of the lunar month ; also called
        • Wan Dab วันดับ day [moon is] quenched, [or goes] out.
          Wan Khow Phansah
          Wan Khow Phansah
  • Wan Khow Phansah วันเข้าพรรษา
    • Note: 2 August 2004 was Compensatory Day Off [th:ชดเชย] for Wan Khow Phansah that fell on a Sunday
  • Wan Wy Phra Chan วันไหว้พระจันทร์
Day [of] Respect [for] Holy Moon
actual day the Harvest moon becomes full
Kuen 14 (15) Kham Du-an 11 ขึ้น ๑๔ (๑๕) ค่ำ เดือน ๑๐
Waxing 14(15) Evening, Month 11.

[edit] Vocabulary

Thai orthography spells most native words phonetically, though there is no definitive system for transcription into Roman letters. Here, native Thai words are immediately followed by a vocabulary entry in this pattern:

Phonetic Thai (Thai phonetic respelling, if different) [Comment] definition ; variant definitions.

Example:

Tai ไทย (ไท) [Archaic] free, frank ; Thai race, language, alphabet ; citizen of Thailand.

Sanskrit loan words follow different rules [the way English rules vary for Greek and Latin ('ph-' in 'phonetic' being pronounced /f/, for example.)] Entered below in order of first appearance, these vocabulary entries are in this pattern:

Sanskrit สันสกฤต (สันสะกริด /san-sa-krit/)  

Literally means "self-made" or "self-done", or "cultured" in a modern usage(which implies the language of cultured); Sanskrit alphabet, language, writing ; [presumed] compound of

  • san สัน (-/son/) derived from the word, "saṃ" meaning "self, together, with"
  • skrit สกฤต (สะกริต /sa-krit/) derived from the word "(s)kar" meaning "do or make".
Chantarakati จันทรคติ (จันทะระคะติ) 
Lunar Calendar ; compound of
  • Chantara- จันทร- (จันทะระ /chontara/) : Chon จันทร์ (จัน) moon, lunar +
  • Kati คติ (คะติ) : ways, principles ; moral [of a tale].
Patitin ปฏิทิน (ปะติทิน) 
Calendar ; compound of
  • Pati- ปฏิ- (ปะติ-) : anti-, re- +
  • -tin (-ทิน) : [from tinnagorn ทินกร (ทินะกอน) - poetical for] the sun, Sol
    • [possibly in the sense of 'tint' + - gorn -กร – -er, -or : paint-er].
Patitin Chantarakati ปฏิทินจันทรคติ (ปะติทินจันทะระคะติ) 
"Resolarized Moon-Ways", Lunisolar Calendar
Suriyakati สุริยคติ (สุริยะคะติ) 
Solar Ways, Solar Calendar ; compound of
  • Suriya สุริย or สุริยะ : Athit อาทิตย์, the sun, Sol +
  • Kati คติ (คะติ) : ways, principles ; moral [of a tale].
Prokatimas ปรกติมาส (ปฺรกกะติมาด /pro-ko-ti-maht/) 
normal month ; compound of
  • Prokati ปรกติ (ปฺรกกะติ) : pokiti ปกติ (ปะกะติ) ordinary, usual, normal +
  • Mas มาส (มาด /maht/) : du-an (เดือน) month.
Athikamas อธิกมาส (อะทิกะมาด /a-ti-ka-maht/) 
month added in leap-month lunar years
Athikawara อธิกวาร (อะทิกะวาน /a-ti-ka-wahn/) 
day added in leap-day lunar years ; compound of
  • Athika (Sanskrit: adhika) : additional +
  • -wara วาร (วาน /wahn/) : wan วัน day.
[Athikasuratin อธิกสุรทิน (อะทิกะสุระทิน)] 
[day added to February in a solar leap year.]

[edit] References

AD 2004/2547BE Athikamas Extra Month began in July and ended August 15
AD 2004/2547BE Athikamas Extra Month began in July and ended August 15
  • Sethaputra, So. New Model English - Thai Dictionary, ISBN 974-08-3253-9
  • ThaiSoftware Dictionary V 3.0, ThaiSoftware Enterprise Co., Ltd.
  • J.C. Eade. The calendrical systems of mainland south-east Asia. ISBN 90-04-10437-2
  1. ^ Diller, Anthony; Preecha Juntanamalaga (2000). Thai Time p. 25. Faculty of Asian Studies Australian National University. Archived from the original on 2002-01-10. Retrieved on 2008-05-08. “[Month 1] refers to a Full Moon occurring near the designated part of Orion, which most frequently happens in December.”
  2. ^ a b On-line Royal Institute Dictionary (ORID - 1999).

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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