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Heraclea Pontica (modern day Karadeniz Ereğli, in the Zonguldak Province of Turkey, on the Black Sea), an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asia Minor, in the country of the Mariandyni, was a colony of Megara, in conjunction with Tanagraeans from Boeotia. (Pausanias, 5.26.7; Justin, 16.3) Strabo (Strabo, 12.3.4) erroneously calls the town a colony of Miletus.
Heraclea was situated a few miles to the north of the river Lycus, and had two excellent harbours, the smaller of which was made artificially. (Xenophon, Anabasis 6.2.1; Diododorus, 14.31.3; Arrian, Periplus, p. 15; Memnon, 34.7, 39.3, p. 52.) Owing to its excellent situation, the town soon rose to a high degree of prosperity, and not only reduced the Mariandyni to subjection, but acquired the supremacy of several other Greek towns in its neighbourhood; so that, at the time of its highest prosperity, it ruled over the whole territory extending from the Sangarius in the west to the Parthenius in the east.
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[edit] Tyrants
A protracted struggle between the aristocracy and the demos (Aristotle, Politcs 5.5) at last obliged the inhabitants to submit to a tyrannis. In the reign of Dionysius (c. 338–c.305 BC), one of these tyrants, who was married to a relation of Darius Codomannus, Heracleia reached the zenith of its prosperity. But this state of things did not last long; for the rising power of the Bithynian princes, who tried to reduce that prosperous maritime city, and the arrival of the Galatians in Asia, who were instigated by the kings of Bithynia against Heracleia, deprived the town gradually of a considerable part of its territory. Still, however, it continued to maintain a very prominent place among the Greek colonies in those parts, until, in the war of the Romans against Mithridates, it received its death blow; for Marcus Aurelius Cotta plundered and partly destroyed the town (Memnon, c. 54). It was afterwards indeed restored, but remained a town of no importance ( oppidum, Plin. vi. 1; comp. Strab. xii. p. 543; Scylax, p. 34; Ptol. v. 1. § 7; Marcian. pp. 70, 73; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 748, ad Nicand. Alex. 13; Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 791).
- Clearchus of Heraclea, reign: 364–353 BC.
- Satyrus, reign: 353–c. 346 BC.
- Timotheus, reign: c. 346–c. 338 BC.
- Dionysius of Heraclea c. 338–c. 306 BC.
- Amastris ruled: c. 306–c. 2
- Clearchus and Oxathres (sons of Dionysus and Amastris) ruled
[edit] Under Lysimachus
- Arsinoe II of Egypt
- Heracleides of Cyme
[edit] Modern times
The prosperity of the city, rudely shaken by the Galatians and the Bithynians, was utterly destroyed in the Mithridatic Wars. It was the birthplace of Heraclides Ponticus and his disciple Dionysius Metathemenus.
For the history of this important colony see Justin, xvi. 3--5; Polsberw, de Rebus Heracleae, Brandenburg, 1833, 8vo. (Niebuhr, Lect. on Anc. Hist. iii. pp. 113, fol.)
In the early twentieth century the town was best known for its lignite coal-mines, from which Istanbul received a good part of its supply.
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini.
- Diodorus Siculus. Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 6. Books 14–15.19. ISBN 0674994396.
- Diodorus Siculus, The Historical Library of Diodorus The Sicilian. Translated by George Booth, Printed by W. McDowall for J. Davis. 1814. Vol 2.
- Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated, with notes, by the Rev. John Selby Watson. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Convent Garden (1853).
- Memnon, History of Heraclea.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece. W. H. S. Jones (translator). Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol. 2. Books III–V: ISBN 0674992075.
- Pliny the Elder; The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.) London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. (1855). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Ptolemy, Geographia.
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: "Heracleia", London (1867)
- Strabo, Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). Vol. 3, Books 6–7 ISBN 0674992016.
- Xenophon; Anabasis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; William Heinemann, Ltd., London. 1980. OCLC 10290977. ISBN 0674991001.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography by William Smith (1856).
