Paul Rée
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Paul Ludwig Carl Heinrich Rée (21 November 1849 - 28 October 1901) was a German author and philosopher, and friend of Friedrich Nietzsche.
He was born in Bartelshagen, Germany on the noble estate "Rittergut Adlig Bartelshagen am Grabow" near the south coast of the Baltic Sea. He was the third child of assimilated Jewish [1] parents, Lord of the manor Ferdinand Philipp Rée from Hamburg and Jenny Julie Philippine Rée née Jenny Emilie Julie Georgine Jonas. He died by falling into the Charnadüra Gorge while walking in the Swiss mountains near Celerina on 28 October 1901.
In the history of ideas he is known as an auxiliary figure through his friendship with Friedrich Nietzsche, rather than as an important philosopher in his own right. Most of the general judgments of his character and work go back to formulations of Nietzsche and their mutual friend Lou Andreas-Salomé. Nietzsche criticised Rée in the preface of On the Genealogy of Morals.
His status as the son of a wealthy businessman and landowner allowed him to study philosophy and law at the University of Leipzig. The monthly allowance Rée received from his family allowed him to pursue his own interests in his studies. He had read Darwin, Schopenhauer, and French writers such as La Bruyère and La Rochefoucauld. Rée conglomerated his diverse studies under the heading of “psychological observations”, describing human nature through aphorisms, literary and philosophical exegesis. By 1875, Rée had qualified for his doctorate from Halle, and produced a dissertation on “the noble” in Aristotle’s Ethics.
The Origin of the Moral Sensations was largely written in the autumn of 1877 in Sorrento, where Rée and Nietzsche both worked by invitation of Malwida von Meysenbug. The book sought to answer two questions. First, Rée attempted to explain the occurrence of altruistic feelings in human beings. Second, Rée tried to explain the interpretive process which denoted altruistic feelings as moral. Reiterating the conclusions of Psychological Observations, Rée claimed altruism was an innate human drive that over the course of centuries has been strengthened by selection.
Published in 1877, The Origin of the Moral Sensations was Rée's second book. Its standpoint, Rée announced in the foreword, was inductive. Rée first observed the empirical phenomena he thought constituted man's moral nature and then looked into their origin. Rée proceeded from the premise that we feel that some actions to be good and others to be evil. From the latter came the guilty conscience. Rée also followed many philosophers in rejecting free will. The error of free will, Rée claims, lies behind the development of the feeling of justice: "The feeling of justice thus arises out of two errors, namely, because the punishments inflicted by authorities and educators appear as acts of retribution, and because people believe in the freedom of the will." (Rée [1877] 2003) Rée rejected metaphysical explanations of good and evil; he thought that the best explanations were those of offered by Darwin and Lamarck, who had traced moral phenomena back to their natural causes. Rée argued that our moral sentiments were the result of changes that had occurred over the course of many generations. Like Lamarck and Darwin, Rée argued that acquired habits could be passed to later generations as innate characteristics. As an acquired habit, altruistic behavior eventually became an innate characteristic. Altruistic behavior was so beneficial, Rée claimed, that it came to be praised unconditionally, as something good in itself, apart from its outcomes.
[edit] References
- ^ The Case of Lou Salome, Tad Beckman, 1995
- Paul Rée, The Origin of the Moral Sensations, ed. Robin Small, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003
- Ludger Luetkehaus, Ein Heiliger Immoralist. Paul Rée (1849-1901). Biografischer Essay, Marburg: Basilisken Presse, 2001
- Ruth Stummann-Bowert (ed.), Malwida von Meysenbug-Paul Rée: Briefe an einen Freund, Würzburg: Könighausen und Neumann, 1998
- Hubert Treiber (ed.), Paul Rée: Gesammelte Werke, 1875-1885, Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter Verlag, 2004
