Parrott rifle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A 200-pound Parrott rifle in Fort Gregg on Morris Island, South Carolina, 1865.
A 200-pound Parrott rifle in Fort Gregg on Morris Island, South Carolina, 1865.

The Parrott rifle was a type of muzzle loading rifled-bore artillery weapon used extensively in the American Civil War.

Contents

[edit] Parrott Rifle

The gun was invented by Robert Parker Parrott, a West Point graduate. He resigned from the service in 1836 and became the superintendent of the West Point Foundry in Cold Spring, New York. He created the first Parrott Rifle (and corresponding projectile) in 1860 and patented it in 1861[1]. The first production Parrott gun tube (Serial Number 1) still exists, and is preserved on a reproduction gun carriage in the center square of Hanover, Pennsylvania, as part of a display commemorating the Battle of Hanover.

Parrotts were manufactured with a combination of cast iron and wrought iron. The cast iron made for an accurate gun, but was brittle enough to suffer fractures. Hence, a large wrought iron reinforcing band was overlaid on the breech to give it additional strength[2]. There were prior cannons designed this way, but the method of welding this band was the innovation that allowed the Parrott Rifle to overcome the deficiencies of these earlier models. It was applied to the gun red-hot and then the gun was turned while pouring water down the muzzle, allowing the band to attach uniformly[2]. By the end of the Civil War, both sides were using this type of gun extensively.

Parrott Rifles were manufactured in different sizes, from 10-pounders up to the rare 300-pounder[3]. The 10- and 20-pounder versions were used by both armies in the field. The smaller size was much more prevalent; it came in two bore sizes: 2.9 inch and 3.0-inch (76 mm). Confederate forces used both bore sizes during the war, which added to the complication of supplying the appropriate ammunition to its batteries. Until 1864, Union batteries used only the 2.9-inch (74 mm). The M1863, with a 3-inch (76 mm) bore, had firing characteristics similar to the earlier model; it can be recognized by its straight barrel, without muzzle-swell. Its range was up to 2,000 yards (1,800 m) with a trained crew[4]. Naval versions of the Parrott 20-, 30-, 60-, and 100-pound rifles were also used by the Union navy[5]. The 100-pound naval Parrott could fire a 100-pound shell 6900 yards (at 25 degrees), and could fire an 80-pound shell 7810 yards (at 30 degrees)[5].

Although accurate, as well as being cheaper and easier to make than most rifled artillery guns, the Parrott had a poor reputation for safety and they were shunned by many artillerists[6]. At the end of 1862, Henry J. Hunt attempted to get the Parrott eliminated from the Army of the Potomac's inventory, preferring the 3-inch (76 mm) Ordnance Rifle. In 1889, The New York Times called on Ordinance Bureau of the War Department to discontinue use of the Parrott Gun altogether, following a series of mishaps at the West Point training grounds[6]The 20-pounder was the largest field gun used during the war, with the barrel alone weighing over 1,800 pounds.

Several hundred Parrott gun tubes remain today, many adorning battlefield parks, county courthouses, museums, etc. The ones made by Parrott's foundry are identifiable by the letters WPF (West Point Foundry) found on the gun tube, along with the initials RPP for Robert P. Parrott. A list of many of the surviving tubes can be found at the National Register of Surviving Civil War Artillery.

[edit] The 300-pound solution

By summer 1863, Major General William Sherman became frustrated by the heavily-fortified Confederate position at Fort Sumter, and brought to bear the 10-inch (250 mm) Parrott, along with several smaller cannons. In sum, two 80-pdr Whitworths, nine 100-pdr Parrotts, six 200-pdr Parrotts, and a 300-pdr Parrott[7]. It was widely believed in the north that the massive 10-inch (250 mm) Parrott would finally break the previously impenetrable walls of the fort, which had become the symbol of stawart steadfastness for the confederacy[8].

The Washington Republican described the technical accomplishments of the 10-inch (250 mm) Parrott[9]:

The breaching power of the 10-inch 300-pounder Parrott rifled gun, now about to be used against the brick walls of Fort Sumter, will best be understood by comparing it with the ordinary 24-pounder siege gun, which was the largest gun used for breaching during the Italian War.

The 24-pounder round shot, which starts with a velocity of 1,625 feet per second (495 m/s), strikes an object at the distance of 3,500 yards (3,200 m), with a velocity of about 300 feet per second (91 m/s). The 10-inch (250 mm) rifle 300-pound shothas an initial velocity of 1,111 feet (339 m), and afterward has a remaining velocity of 700 feet per second (210 m/s), at a distance of 3,500 yards (3,200 m).

From well-known mechanical laws, the resistance which these projectiles are capable of overcoming is equal to 33,750 pounds and 1,914,150 pounds, raised one foot in a second respectively. Making allowances for the differences of the diameters of these projectiles, it will be found that their penetrating power will be 1 to 19.6. The penetration of the 24-pounder shot at 3,500 yards (3,200 m), in brick work, is 6 inches (150 mm). The penetration of the 10-inch (250 mm) projectile will therefore be between six and seven feet into the same material.

To use a more familiar illustration, the power of the 10-inch (250 mm) rifle shot at the distance of 3,500 yards (3,200 m), may be said to be equal to the united blows of 200 sledge hammers weighing 100 pounds each, falling from a height of ten feet and acting upon a drill ten inches (254 mm) in diameter.

– The Washington Republican, August 12, 1863

[edit] Swamp Angel

One of the most famous Parrott rifles is the Swamp Angel, an 8-inch (200 mm) gun used by federal Brigadier General Quincy Adams Gillmore to bombard Charleston, South Carolina. It was manned by the 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment[10].

On August 21, 1863, Gillmore sent Confederate general P. G. T. Beauregard an ultimatum to abandon heavily-fortified positions at Morris Island and Fort Sumter or the city of Charleston would be shelled. When the positions had not been evacuated by the following day, Gillmore ordered a volley on the city. Between August 22 and August 23, the Swamp Angel fired on the city 32 times, many using incendiary shells which caused massive fires[10]. The battle was made more famous by Herman Melville's poem "The Swamp Angel"[11].

After the war, the Swamp Angel was moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where it rests as a memorial today at Cadwallader Park[12]. Pictures of the Swamp Angel at Cadwallader.

[edit] Brooke Rifle

A confederate version of the Parrot, called the Brooke rifle, was designed by John Mercer Brooke. They were manufactured primarily at the Tredegar Iron Works (sometimes referred to as J.R. Anderson & Co, after owner Joseph Reid Anderson) in Richmond, Virginia[13] and at Noble Brothers Foundry in Macon, Georgia[4]. Because no southern foundries had the capacity to single-band wrap the rifles like the Parrott design, a series of smaller bands was used, usually 2 inches (51 mm) thick and 6 wide[14]. Brookes manufactered at Noble bear the foundry imprint "NBF"; those manufactured at Tredegar are imprinted "TF" or, less commonly, "JRA&Co"[13].

[edit] Parrott rifles by size

Parrott Guns by Size[5] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
Model Length Weight Munition Charge size Maximum range Flight time Crew size
2.9-in (10-lb) Army Parrott 73 in 1,799 lb (816 kg) 10 lb (4.5 kg) shell 1 lb (0.45 kg) 5,000 yd (4,600 m) at 20 degrees 21 secs 6
3.0-in (10-lb) Army Parrott 74 in 1,726 lb (783 kg) 10 lb (4.5 kg) shell 1 lb (0.45 kg) 1,830 yd (1,670 m) at 5 degrees 7 secs 6
3.67-in (20-lb) Army Parrott 79 in 1,795 lb (814 kg) 19 lb (8.6 kg) shell 2 lb (0.91 kg) 4,400 yd (4,000 m) at 15 degrees 17 secs 7
3.67-in (20-lb) Naval Parrott 81 in 1,795 lb (814 kg) 19 lb (8.6 kg) shell 2 lb (0.91 kg) 4,400 yd (4,000 m) at 15 degrees 17 secs 7
4.2-in (30-lb) Army Parrott 126 in 4,200 lb (1,900 kg) 29 lb (13 kg) shell 3.25 lb (1.47 kg) 6,700 yd (6,100 m) at 25 degrees 27 secs 9
4.2-in (30-lb) Naval Parrott 102 in 3,550 lb (1,610 kg) 29 lb (13 kg) shell 3.25 lb (1.47 kg) 6,700 yd (6,100 m) at 25 degrees 27 secs 9
5.3-in (60-lb) Naval Parrott 111 in 5,430 lb (2,460 kg) 50 lb (23 kg) or 60 lb (27 kg) shell 6 lb (2.7 kg) 7,400 yd (6,800 m) at 30 degrees 30 secs 14
5.3-in (60-lb) Naval Parrott (breechload) 111 in 5,242 lb (2,378 kg) 50-lb or 60 lb (27 kg) shell 6 lb (2.7 kg) 7,400 yd (6,800 m) at 30 degrees 30 secs 14
6.4-in (100-lb) Naval Parrott 138 in 9,727 lb (4,412 kg) 80 lb (36 kg) or 100 lb (45 kg) shell 10 lb (4.5 kg) 7,810 yd (7,140 m) at 30 degrees (80-lb) 32 secs 17
6.4-in (100-lb) Naval Parrott (breechload) 138 in 10,266 lb (4,657 kg) 80 lb (36 kg) or 100 lb (45 kg) shell 10 lb (4.5 kg) 7,810 yd (7,140 m) at 30 degrees (80-lb) 32 secs 17
8-in (150-lb) Naval Parrott 146 in 16,500 lb (7,500 kg) 150 lb (68 kg) shell 16 lb (7.3 kg) 8,000 yd (7,300 m) at 35 degrees  ?  ?
8-in (200-lb) Army Parrott 146 in 16,500 lb (7,500 kg) 200 lb (91 kg) shell 16 lb (7.3 kg) 8,000 yd (7,300 m) at 35 degrees  ?  ?
10-in (300-lb) Army Parrott 156 in 26,900 lb (12,200 kg) 300 lb (140 kg) shell 26 lb (12 kg) 9,000 yd (8,200 m) at 30 degrees  ?  ?

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Pritchard Jr, Russ A. Civil War Weapons and Equipment, p.82. Globe Pequit Press, 2003. ISBN 158574493X.
  2. ^ a b Gusley, Henry O. and Edward T. Cotham. The Southern Journey of a Civil War Marine, p.195. University of Texas Press, 2006. ISBN 0292712839
  3. ^ Jones, Terry L. Historical Dictionary of the Civil War, p.1047. Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0810841126
  4. ^ a b National Park Service: Gettysburg National Military Park. "Big Guns at Gettysburg". Retrieved January 18, 2008
  5. ^ a b c Norfolk Naval Ship Yard: Civil War Guns in Trophy Park
  6. ^ a b New York Times, April 20, 1889. "Perils of Gunnery.; The Frequent Bursting of the Parrott Guns During Practice" Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  7. ^ Johnson, John. The Defense of Charleston Harbor: Including Fort Sumpter and the Adjacent Islands, 1863-1865. Walker, Evans, and Cogswell Co, 1890. Digitized by Harvard University, August 9, 2006.
  8. ^ "The Big Gun: What the Three Hundred Pound Parrott is Expected to Do". New York Times, August 14, 1863.
  9. ^ "The Big Gun". Washington Republican, August 14, 1863.
  10. ^ a b Wise, Stephen R. Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbour, 1863 University of South Carolina Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0872499850
  11. ^ Vincent, Howard P. Collected Poems of Herman Melville. Packard and Company, 1947.
  12. ^ "The Swamp Angel". New York Times, December 1, 1876.
  13. ^ a b civilwarartillery.com. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
  14. ^ The Encyclopedia of Civil War Artillery: Brooke Rifles". Accessed January 21, 2008.
  15. ^ The Encyclopedia of Civil War Artillery: Parrot Rifles Accessed January 18, 2008
  16. ^ National Park Service: Artillery at Antietem. Accessed January 18, 2008.
  17. ^ Bigelow, John. The Campaign of Chancellorsville. Yale University Press, 1910.
  18. ^ mirkwood.ucs.indiana.edu. Citing Martin, David G. "Data File 023: Civil War Heavy Artillery". Strategy & Tactics, No. 81, Jul/Aug. 1980
  19. ^ The Encyclopedia of Civil War Artillery: Projection Tables, citing "The Confederate Ordnance Manual". Accessed January 21, 2008.

[edit] Further reading

  • United States War Department. Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901.
  • Thomas, Dean, Cannons: An Introduction to Civil War Artillery, Thomas Publications, Gettysburg, 1985
  • James Hazlett, Edwin Olmstead, & M. Hume Parks, Field Artillery Weapons of the Civil War, University of Delaware Press, Newark, 1983
  • Johnson, Curt, and Richard C. Anderson, Artillery Hell: Employment of Artillery at Antietam, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1995
  • Coggins, Jack, Arms and Equipment of the Civil War. Wilmington N.C.: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1989. (Originally published 1962).

[edit] External links

Languages