Parnassius

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Parnassius
Parnassius phoebus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Papilionidae
Subfamily: Parnassiinae
Genus: Parnassius
Species

Parnassius acco
Parnassius acdestis
Parnassius actius
Parnassius apollo
Parnassius apollonius
Parnassius ariadne
Parnassius arcticus
Parnassius autocrator
Parnassius baileyi
Parnassius boëdromius
Parnassius bremeri
Parnassius cardinal
Parnassius cephalus
Parnassius charltonius
Parnassius clodius
Parnassius delphius
Parnassius dongalaicus
Parnassius epaphus
Parnassius eversmanni
Parnassius felderi
Parnassius hardwickii
Parnassius honrathi
Parnassius glacialis
Parnassius hide
Parnassius huberi
Parnassius hunnyngtoni
Parnassius hunza
Parnassius imperator
Parnassius inopinatus
Parnassius jacobsoni
Parnassius jacquemontii
Parnassius kiritshenkoi
Parnassius labeyriei
Parnassius loxias
Parnassius maharaja
Parnassius maximinus
Parnassius mnemosyne
Parnassius nadadevinensis
Parnassius nomion
Parnassius nordmanni
Parnassius nosei
Parnassius orleans
Parnassius patricius
Parnassius phoebus
Parnassius przewalskii
Parnassius pythia
Parnassius széchenyii
Parnassius schultei
Parnassius simo
Parnassius simonius
Parnassius staudingeri
Parnassius stenosemus
Parnassius stoliczkanus
Parnassius tianschianicus
Parnassius stubbendorfi
Parnassius tenedius

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Parnassius is a genus of northern circumpolar and montane (alpine and Himalayan) butterflies usually known as Apollos. They can vary in colour and form significantly based on their altitude. They also show an adaptation to high altitudes called altitudinal melanism. They show dark bodies and darkened colouration at the wingbase which helps them warm faster using the sun.

Although classified under the Swallowtail butterfly family, none of the Parnassius species possess tails.

The larvae feed on species of plants belonging to the Papaveraceae and Crassulaceae families, and like the other swallowtail butterfly larvae, possess an osmeterium.[1] Unlike most butterflies that have exposed pupae, they pupate inside a loose silken cocoon.

Contents

[edit] Identification and ecology

 
Parnassinae
Parnassiini

Hypermnestra



Parnassius



Luehdorfiini


Archon



Doritites bosniackii




Luehdorfia



Zerythiini

Sericinus




Bhutanitis




Zerynthia



Allancastria






? Thaites



A proposed phylogeny of the Parnassius and related groups.[2]

The Parnassius species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia. The phylogeny of the group is still under study using molecular techniques. The exact number of species within the genus is disputed and numbers range from 38 to 47.[3]

Species differences in female genitalia
Species differences in female genitalia

The Parnassius butterflies also have a peculiar reproductive strategy in that the male has special accessory glands that produce a mating plug or sphragis that seals the female genitalia after mating. This is believed to ensure the success of the male and to prevent other males from mating and avoids sperm competition.[4]

Butterflies of this genus have been widely used models to study metapopulations, population genetics and gene flow. Their patchy distribution and restricted migration makes them vulnerable to the effects of genetic drift and considerable colour variations can exist in individuals from different regions. [5][6]

[edit] Synonymy

Eight subgenera are recognized within the genus.

  • Driopa Korshunov, 1988. Type species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758.
  • Sachaia Korshunov, 1988. Type species: Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851.
  • Parnassius Latreille, 1804; Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (6): 185, 199, Type Species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus.
  • Tadumia Moore, [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 116, Type Species: Papilio acco Gray
  • Kailasius Moore, [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 118, Type Species: Parnassius charltonius Gray
  • Koramius Moore, [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 120, Type Species: Parnassius delphius Eversmann
  • Lingamius Bryk, 1935; Das Tierreich 65: 538-540, Type Species: Parnassius hardwickii Gray
  • Eukoramius Bryk, 1935; Das Tierreich 65: 630, 673-674, Type Species: Parnassius imperator Oberthür

Other names that are no longer valid include

  • Parnassis Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bekannter Schmett. (6): 90 (or missp. or emend.?), Type Species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
  • Therius Billberg, 1820; Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 75, Type Species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
  • Doritis Fabricius, 1807; Magazin f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 283, Type Species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus

[edit] Important Collections

  • National Museum of Natural History Leiden, (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie) Curt Eisner collection. Types listed in Eisner, C. Parnassiidae-Typen in der Sammlung J.C.Eisner. Leiden. E.J.Brill, 1966. 190 pp. Col.frontispiece & 84 plts.(Zool.Verh. RMNH, 81). Review of worldwide species of Parnassiidae, 719 taxa included.
  • Natural History Museum Specimens largely determined by Curt Eisner Types listed in Ackery, P. R. (1973): A list of the type-specimens of Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the British Museum (Natural History). Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 29 (1) (9.XI.1973): 1—35, 1 pl.
  • Ulster Museum Belfast. H.M Peebles collection Type list available on CD (Nash, R and Eisner, C.)


[edit] Gallery

[edit] References

  1. ^ Katoh T, Chichvarkhin A, Yagi T,Omoto K. 2005 Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus Parnassius: inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences. Zoolog Sci.22(3):343-51 PDF
  2. ^ Nazari, V., Zakharov, E.V., and Sperling, F.A.H., 2007. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes. Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution, 42: 131-156. pdf
  3. ^ Nazari, Vazrick. 2006. Parnassius Latreille, 1804. Version 07 July 2006 (under construction). [1] in The Tree of Life Web Project, [2]
  4. ^ Ehrlich, A. H. and P. R. Ehrlich. 1978. Reproductive strategies in the butterflies: I. Mating frequency, plugging, and egg number. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 51: 666-697.
  5. ^ Dechaine,Eric G. , Andrew P. Martin. 2004. Historic Cycles Of Fragmentation And Expansion In Parnassius smintheus (Papilionidae) Inferred Using Mitochondrial DNA. Evolution, 58(1):113–127
  6. ^ Keyghobadi, N., Roland, J. and Strobeck, C. 1999. Influence of landscape on the population genetic structure of the alpine butterfly Parnassius smintheus (Papilionidae). Molecular Ecology 8: 1481–1495.

[edit] External links