User:Palaeovia/Noosphere

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1 Noosphere
- 1.1 Intellectual Historians
- 1.2 People
2 Human Accomplishment
3 Global perspective
4 Intelligence
5 Miscellany
6 IQ and global inequality

[edit] Noosphere

Intellectuals
Intellectual history
Peter Watson (intellectual historian), with his timeline of ideas.
Pierre Bourdieu (Homo Academicus)
Thomas Sowell
List of unsolved problems
The_2005_Global_Intellectuals_Poll
The 100 (most influential persons) (Michael H. Hart)
100 Most Influential Books Ever Written (Martin Seymour-Smith) %
- User:Palaeovia/100 books (Martin Seymour-Smith)
Superdon
Modern Library Chronicles

[edit] Intellectual Historians

[edit] People

[edit] Human Accomplishment

Charles Murray ranks the greats in several fields of human accomplishment from 800 BC to 1950. In each field Murray identifies a number of sources providing information about the leading figures in the field. The rankings are made from information in these sources. First the number of sources is cut down by requiring that a large set of the leading figures in the field is included. Secondly the number of mathematicians is cut down by requiring that leading figures occurs in at least half the sources.

Then a raw score is determined based on how much attention they get. Then these raw scores are normalized so that the lowest score is 1 and the highest score is 100. The resulting scores are called "Index Scores".

Here are the top 20 mathematicians, philosophers, physicists, and musical composers ranked by their index score.

Mathematics	Index score
Euler	100
Newton	89
Euclid	83
Gauss	81
Fermat	72
Leibniz	72
Descartes	54
Cantor	50
Pascal	47
Riemann	47
Hilbert	40
Bernoulli	40
Diophantus	39
Cardano	37
Viete	36
Legendre	36
John Wallis	36
Cauchy	35
Fibonacci	34
Archimedes	33

Western philosophy	Index score
Aristotle	100
Plato	87
Kant	74
Descartes	51
Hegel	46
Aquinas	39
Locke	37
Hume	36
Augustine	30
Spinoza	27
Leibniz	27
Socrates	26
Schopenhauer	24
Berkeley	21
Nietszche	20
Hobbes	19
Russell	18
Rousseau	17
Plotinus	17
Fichte	17

Physics	Index score
Newton	100
Einstein	100
Rutherford	88
Faraday	86
Galileo	83
Cavendish	57
Bohr	52
Thomson	50
Maxwell	50
P. Currie	47
Kirchhoff	43
Fermi	42
Heisenberg	41
M. Curie	41
Dirac	40
Joule	40
Huygens	39
Gilbert	37
T. Young	37
Hooke	36

Western music	Index score
Beethoven	100
Mozart	100
Johann Sebastian Bach	87
Wagner	80
Haydn	56
Handel	46
Stravinsky	45
Debussy	45
Liszt	45
Schubert	44
Schumann	42
Berlioz	41
Schoenberg	39
Brahms	35
Chopin	32
Monteverdi	31
Verdi	30
Mendelssohn	30
Weber	27
Gluck	26

Chinese literature	Index score
Du Fu	100
Li Bai	87
Bo Juyi	86
Su Dungpo (Su Shi)	83
Han Yu	80
Qu Yuan	78
Sima Qian	68
Tao Cian (Tao Qian)	68
Ouyang Xiu	61
Yuan Zhen	49
Guan Hanqing	45
Sima Xiangru	41
Liu Xongyuan (Liu Zongyuan)	40
Ban Gu	37
Wang Wi (Wang Wei)	35
Luo Guanzhong	34
Ma Zhiyuan	34
Wang Shifu	34
Song Yu	33
Cao Xueqin	32

Western art	Index score
Michelangelo	100
Picasso	77
Raphael	73
Leonardo	61
Titian	60
Durer	56
Rembrandt	56
Giotto	54
Bernini	53
Cezanne	50
Rubens	49
Caravaggio	43
Velázquez	43
Donatello	42
Van Eyck	42
Goya	41
Monet	41
Masaccio	41
Van Gogh	40
Gauguin	38

Combined sciences	Index score
Newton	100
Galileo	89
Aristotle	78
Kepler	53
Lavoisier	51
Descartes	51
Huygens	49
Laplace	48
Einstein	48
Faraday	46
Pasteur	46
Ptolemy	43
Hooke	41
Leibniz	40
Rutherford	40
Euler	39
Darwin	37
Berzelius	36
Euclid	36
Maxwell	35

Western literature	Index score
Shakespeare	100
Goethe	81
Dante	62
Virgil	55
Homer	54
Rousseau	48
Voltaire	47
Moliere	43
Byron	42
Tolstoy	42
Dostoevsky	41
Petrarch	40
Hugo	40
Schiller	38
Boccaccio	35
Horace	35
Euripides	35
Racine	34
Scott	33
Ibsen	32

Technology	Index score
Watt	100
Edison	100
Leonardo da Vinci	60
Huygens	51
Archimedes	51
Marconi	50
Vitruvius	43
John Smeaton	37
Bessemer	34
Newcomen	33
Babbage	33
Siemens	32
Wilkinson	32
Franklin	32
Wheatstone	32
Nobel	32
Faraday	31
Papin	31
Stephenson	30
Morse	30

[edit] Global perspective

Features of Evolution and Expansion of Modern Humans, Inferred from Genomewide Microsatellite Markers - Lev A. Zhivotovsky,et al.
Genetic variation, classification and ‘race’ - Lynn B Jorde,et al.
Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease - Neil Risch,et al.
Microsatellite evolution in modern humans: a comparison of two data sets from the same populations - L. JIN,et al.
East Eurasian Viewed from Genes - Naruya SAITOU
Human Population Genetic Structure. and Diversity Inferred from Polymorphic. L1 (LINE-1) and Alu Insertions - D.J. Witherspoon,et al.
Reconstruction of Human Evolutionary Tree Using Polymorphic Autosomal Microsatellites - Qasim Ayub,et al.
Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine - Sarah A Tishkoff & Kenneth K Kidd
Understanding Human DNA Sequence Variation - K. K. KIDD,et al.
Assessing DNA Sequence Variations in Human ESTs in a Phylogenetic Context Using High-Density Oligonucleotide Arrays - Jian-Bing Fan,et al.
Large-scale SNP analysis reveals clustered and continuous patterns of human genetic variation - Mark D. Shriver,et al.

$Human population structure can be inferred from multilocus DNA sequence data. In Rosenberg et al. (2002, 2005), individuals from 52 populations were examined at 993 DNA markers. These data was used to partitioned individuals into K = 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 clusters. In this figure, the average fractional membership of individuals from each population is represented by horizontal bars partitioned into K colored segments. 2 cluster analysis separated Africa and Eurasia from East Asia, Oceania, and America, 3 clusters separated Africa and Eurasia, 4 clusters separated America, 5 clusters separated Oceania (green), and 6 clusters subdivided native Americans.$

Human population structure can be inferred from multilocus DNA sequence data. In Rosenberg et al. (2002, 2005), individuals from 52 populations were examined at 993 DNA markers. These data was used to partitioned individuals into K = 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 clusters. In this figure, the average fractional membership of individuals from each population is represented by horizontal bars partitioned into K colored segments. 2 cluster analysis separated Africa and Eurasia from East Asia, Oceania, and America, 3 clusters separated Africa and Eurasia, 4 clusters separated America, 5 clusters separated Oceania (green), and 6 clusters subdivided native Americans.

Uyghur girls in Khotan

v • d • e Lists of countries with rankings

Geography	Area • Coastline • Coast/area ratio • Exclusive Economic Zone • Number of neighbouring countries • Highest point • Lowest point • Northernmost point • Southernmost point

Demographics	Population (graphical • by density) • Population growth • Human Development Index • Life expectancy • Infant mortality • Fertility • Birth rate • Death rate • Sex ratio • Homicides • Income equality • Literacy • National IQ • HIV/AIDS • Unemployment • Employment • Labour force • Poverty • Immigrant population • Suicides (OECD) • Undernourishment • Firearm-related deaths • Gun ownership

GDP	Nominal (per capita) • PPP (per capita • per hour) • Past (nominal • PPP) • Future (nominal • PPP • PPP per capita) • GNI per capita • Growth (real • real per capita) • Sector composition • Demographics comparison

Finances	Current account balance • Foreign exchange reserves • Foreign Direct Investment • Debt (External, Public) • Imports • Exports (per capita)

Energy Industry	Energy ( consumption • production • intensity) • Natural gas ( consumption • production • reserves • imports • exports) • Oil ( consumption • production • reserves • imports • exports) • Coal ( production • reserves) • Nuclear power • Uranium reserves • Renewable energy ( Hydropower) • Iron production • Steel production • Aluminium production • Zinc production • Automobile production • Industrial growth

Agriculture	Fishing • Milk production • Crops production ( Fruits • Sugar cane • Maize • Wheat • Rice • Potatoes • Sugar beet • Soybean • Barley )

Politics Society	Freedom • Press freedom • Privacy • Perception of corruption • Bribe paying • Property rights • Economic freedom • Ease of doing business • Economic competitiveness • Globalization • Democracy • Failed States • Date of formation • Student performance • School leaving age • Legal drinking age • Abortion law • Homosexuality laws • Euthanasia law • Death penalty • Quality-of-life

Sports	Olympics ( medals • hosts) • FIFA World Cup ( winners • hosts) • FIFA World Rankings • Ice Hockey World Championship

Military	Size of armed forces • Number of active troops • Military expenditures • Possession of nuclear weapons • Exports of arms • UN peacekeepers currently deployed • Global Peace Index

Communication	Telephone lines • Television sets • Mobile phones • Internet users ( Broadband) • E-readiness

Transport	Waterways • Merchant marine • Railways • Rail usage • Rapid transit systems • Roadways ( OECD) • Vehicles • Road fatalities • Airports

Tourism	Tourist visits • World Heritage Sites

Environment	Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) • Greenhouse gas emissions per capita • GDP per emissions • Sustainability • Environmental Performance • Happy Planet Index

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Template:Race and intelligence

[edit] Intelligence

[edit] Miscellany

Peter Gallagher, b.August 19 1955 ( 1955-08-19) (age 52)

[edit] IQ and global inequality

Country	IQ (2002)	IQ (2006)	PPP-GNI per capita 2002	QHC
Hong Kong	107	108	27,490	60.8
Singapore	103	108	23,730	60.7
North Korea	105*	106*	1,000	38
South Korea	106	106	16,960	75.4
Japan	105	105	27,380	71.4
China	100	105	4,520	39.7
Republic of China	104	105	23,400	79.4
Italy	102	102	26,170	78.9
Iceland	98*	101	29,240	80
Mongolia	98*	101*	1,710	48.1
Switzerland	101	101	31,840	82.2
Austria	102	100	28,910	80.7
Luxembourg	101*	100*	53,230	76.4
Netherlands	102	100	28,350	82.8
Norway	98	100	36,690	89
United Kingdom	100	100	26,580	76.7
Belgium	100	99	28,130	84.1
Canada	97	99	28,930	77.8
Estonia	97*	99	11,630	64.5
Finland	97	99	26,160	85.1
Germany	102	99	26,980	78
New Zealand	100	99	20,550	76.2
Poland	99	99	10,450	62.7
Sweden	101	99	25,820	82.9
Andorra	N/A	98*	19,000	58.7
Australia	98	98	27,440	82.8
Czech Republic	97	98	14,920	64.5
Denmark	98	98	30,600	85.4
France	98	98	27,040	78.1
Hungary	99	98	13,070	64.1
Latvia	97*	98*	9,190	65.5
Spain	99	98	21,910	75.8
United States	98	98	36,120	86.6
Belarus	96*	97*	5,500	57.2
Malta	95*	97	17,710	66.4
Russia	96	97	8,080	64.5
Ukraine	96*	97*	4,800	61.8
Moldova	95*	96*	1,600	46.2
Slovakia	96	96	12,590	63.2
Slovenia	95	96	18,480	72.4
Uruguay	96	96	7,710	64
Israel	94	95	19,000	75.3
Portugal	95	95	17,820	67
Armenia	93*	94*	3,230	50.2
Georgia	93*	94*	2,270	51.2
Kazakhstan	93*	94*	5,630	49
Romania	94	94	6,490	53
Vietnam	96*	94	2,300	39.5
Argentina	96	93	10,190	64.7
Bulgaria	93	93	7,030	59.1
Greece	92	92	18,770	76.1
Malaysia	92	92	29,570	78.5
Ireland	93	92	8,500	52.1
Brunei	92*	91*	19,210	50.8
Cambodia	89*	91*	1,970	28.6
Cyprus	92*	91*	18,650	67.6
Lithuania	97*	91	10,190	65.4
Republic of Macedonia	93*	91*	6,420	54.4
Thailand	91	91	6,890	50.3
Albania	90*	90*	4,960	51.2
Bermuda	N/A	90	36,000	75.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	N/A	90*	5,800	51.4
Chile	93*	90	9,420	59.5
Croatia	90	90	10,000	61.7
Kyrgyzstan	87*	90*	1,560	48.1
Turkey	90	90	6,300	50.2
Cook Islands	N/A	89	5,000	45.7
Costa Rica	91*	89*	8,650	53.7
Laos	89*	89	1,660	24.9
Mauritius	81*	89	10,820	52.2
Serbia	93*	89	2,300	53.8
Suriname	89	89	6,590	50.6
Ecuador	80	88	3,340	47.4
Mexico	87	88	8,800	52.9
Samoa	87	88	5,570	49.7
Azerbaijan	87*	87*	3,010	47.2
Bolivia	85*	87	2,390	49.7
Brazil	87	87	7,450	51.1
Timor-Leste	N/A	87*	3,940	46.7
Guyana	84*	87*	3,070	40.2
Indonesia	89	87	1,600	28.1
Iraq	87	87	1,027	30.7
Burma	86*	87*	930	42.4
Tajikistan	87*	87*	1,640	27.5
Turkmenistan	87*	87*	4,780	41.7
Uzbekistan	87*	87*	1,640	39.4
Kuwait	83*	86	17,780	49.9
Philippines	86	86	4,450	51.6
Seychelles	81*	86*	18,232	60.6
Tonga	87	86	6,820	40.5
Cuba	85	85	5,259	46.2
Fiji	84	85	5,330	51.9
Kiribati	84*	85*	800	37.1
New Caledonia	N/A	85	21,960	54.9
Peru	90	85	4,880	49.2
Trinidad and Tobago	80*	85*	9,000	52
Yemen	83*	85	800	24.5
Afghanistan	83*	84*	700	13.2
Belize	83*	84*	15,960	56.1
Colombia	88	84	5,490	44.2
Federated States of Micronesia	84*	84*	6,150	48.4
Iran	84	84	6,690	40.2
Jordan	87*	84	4,180	43.4
Marshall Islands	84	84	1,600	44.2
Morocco	85	84	2,000	39.9
Pakistan	81*	84	3,730	31.7
Panama	84*	84*	1,960	26.2
Paraguay	85*	84	6,060	56.6
Puerto Rico	84	84	4,590	45.2
Saudi Arabia	83*	84*	15,800	63.6
Solomon Islands	84*	84*	12,660	44.1
Bahamas	78*	84*	1,590	41.5
United Arab Emirates	83*	84*	24,030	48.8
Vanuatu	84*	84*	2,850	31.4
Venezuela	88*	84	5,220	47.4
Algeria	84*	83*	5,530	39.9
Bahrain	83*	83*	16,190	49.3
Libya	84*	83*	7,570	49.3
Oman	83*	83*	13,000	40.6
Papua New Guinea	84*	83	2,180	38.4
Syria	87*	83	34,700	38.9
Tunisia	84*	83*	6,440	40.6
Bangladesh	81*	82*	1,720	29.8
Dominican Republic	84*	82	6,270	46.8
India	81	82	2,650	36.3
Lebanon	86	82	4,600	55.8
Madagascar	79*	82	730	28.6
Egypt	83	81	3,810	37.3
Honduras	84*	81	2,540	41.9
Maldives	81*	81*	4,798	38.5
Nicaragua	84*	81*	2,350	41.3
Northern Mariana Islands	N/A	81	12,500	51.3
Barbados	78	80	14,660	60.9
Bhutan	78*	80*	1,969	24.1
El Salvador	84*	80*	4,790	42.6
Guatemala	79	79	4,040	34.6
Sri Lanka	81*	79	3,510	47.7
Nepal	78	78	1,370	26.9
Qatar	78	78	19,844	45.6
Comoros	79*	77*	1,640	24.6
Cape Verde	78*	76*	4,920	40.5
Mauritania	73*	76*	1,790	20.5
Uganda	73	73	1,360	25.4
Kenya	72	72	1,010	27.3
South Africa	72	72	9,810	38.3
Tanzania	72	72	580	23.2
Ghana	71	71	2,080	33.7
Grenada	75*	71*	6,600	45.3
Jamaica	72	71	3,680	46.5
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	75*	71	5,190	48.4
Sudan	72	71	1,740	24.6
Zambia	77	71	800	21.8
Antigua and Barbuda	75*	70*	10,390	53.2
Benin	69*	70*	1,060	20.5
Botswana	72*	70*	7,740	29.4
Namibia	72*	70*	6,880	31.1
Rwanda	70*	70*	1,260	18.5
Togo	69*	70*	1,450	26
Burundi	70*	69*	630	15.2
Côte d'Ivoire	71*	69*	1,450	18.1
Malawi	71*	69*	570	24.3
Mali	68*	69*	840	13.4
Niger	67*	69*	800	13.5
Nigeria	67	69	800	27.3
Angola	69*	68*	1,840	13.7
Burkina Faso	66*	68*	1,090	10.7
Chad	72*	68*	1,010	20.4
Djibouti	68*	68*	2,040	22
Eritrea	68*	68*	1,040	21.4
Somalia	68*	68*	500	15.2
Swaziland	72*	68*	4,730	22.2
Dominica	75*	67	4,960	48.8
Guinea	63	67	2,060	22.5
Guinea-Bissau	63*	67*	680	20.3
Haiti	72*	67*	1,610	20.4
Lesotho	72*	67*	2,970	24.3
Liberia	64*	67*	1,000	21.2
Saint Kitts and Nevis	75*	67*	10,750	45.5
São Tomé and Príncipe	59*	67*	1,317	37.9
Senegal	64*	66*	1,660	20.7
Gambia	64*	66*	1,540	21.3
Zimbabwe	66	66	2,180	25.2
Congo	73	65	630	17.9
Cameroon	70*	64	1,910	23.1
Central African Republic	68*	64	1,170	19.1
Democratic Republic of the Congo	65	64	700	26.9
Ethiopia	63	64	780	16.7
Gabon	66*	64*	5,530	32.2
Mozambique	72*	64	990	18
Sierra Leone	64	64	500	13.8
Saint Lucia	75*	62	4,950	51.1
Equatorial Guinea	59	59	9,100	30.4