Palais d'Industrie
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The Palais de l'Industrie (Palace of Industry) was an exhibition hall erected for the Paris World Fair in 1855. It was mainly designed by Jean-Marie-Victor Viel and Alexandre Barrault, and finally destroyed in 1897 to make way for the Grand Palais of the World Fair in 1900.
Emperor Napoleon III wished the World's Fair of 1855, which followed London's Great Exhibition by four years, to prove the superiority of the French by surpassing the British fair in every way. In particular, he desired a spectacular exhibition hall to rival The Crystal Palace. This building, the Palais de l'Industrie, was to be located between the Seine River and the Champs-Élysées.
A competition held in 1852 was won by a plan by architect Jean-Marie-Victor Viel and engineer Desjardin, which combined the traditional use of masonry with that of cast iron. Due to cost constraints, however, the plans had to be reworked, for which the engineer Alexandre Barrault is credited. In the final design, masonry was used only for the exterior walls, which were to be one metre thick and eighteen metres high. However, these massive walls were barely able to support the weight of the projecting cornice, and had to be reinforced with cast iron columns and beams.
The Palace of Industry was 260 metres (850 feet) long and 105 metres (350 feet) wide. Its principal nave was 190 metres (630 feet) long, and 48 metres (158 feet) wide. It was surrounded on four sides by aisles two stories high, and 30 metres (98 feet) wide. Its semi-circular trusses bridged a 24 metre (80 foot) span to create an enormous exhibition room. Despite its immense size, the palace was not large enough to house all of the expected exhibitors, so that two temporary buildings were constructed to house the remaining displays. The main failure of the building, which was not completed by the day the World Fair opened, was its poor ventilation, however. Although this made the building extremely hot during the day, it served as a hall for numerous exhibits and social events until its destruction in 1897.
Octave Mirbeau, commenting on the Palais de l'Industrie as a focal point of the Champs Elysées, compared the building to "an ox trampling through a rose garden." Although critics nearly universally condemned the Gothic "heaviness" of the building, the sheathing of an iron and glass structure with a stone casing was imitated in the London Exposition of 1862 and the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and even in the buildings that were to replace it: the Grand Palais and Petit Palais built for the 1900 World Fair.
