Pakistani Briton
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LanguagesReligions
| Pakistani Britons
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|---|
     Top row: General Muhammed Akbar Khan, Natasha Khan, Tariq Ali Bottom row: Sajid Mahmood, Robina Qureshi |
| Total population |
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750,000 (2001 Census)[1] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Regions: West Midlands, Greater London, Yorkshire and The Humber, North West England Metropolitan Areas: Greater London, Birmimgham Metro Area, Greater Manchester, Leeds-Bradford, Greater Glasgow Cities: London, Birmingham, Bradford, Manchester, Glasgow, Huddersfield, Rochdale, Slough, Oldham |
| English Urdu Punjabi Languages of Pakistan |
| Islam Christianity |
| Related ethnic groups |
| British Muslims Overseas Pakistani British Asian |
The term Pakistani Briton is used to denote a person of Pakistani ancestry or origin, who was born in or was an immigrant to the United Kingdom. Britain has the second largest overseas Pakistani population after Saudi Arabia.
Contents |
[edit] History
Pakistan came into existence in 1947, so documentation of the life of Pakistani Britons can technically only start from that year. However, Muslim immigrants from the part of British India now known as Pakistan, entered the British Isles as early as the mid-seventeenth century. During the nineteenth century, the British conquered Sindh in 1843 and Punjab in 1845, in which after many people were recruited to the British East India Company.
Following the Second World War and the break up of the British Empire, Pakistani migration to the United Kingdom increased, specifically during the 1950s and 1960s, as Pakistan was apart of the Commonwealth.
The majority of the immigration began in the mid 1950s when manual workers were recruited to fulfil the labour shortage which resulted from World War II. Many people began immigrating from Azad Kashmir after the completion of Mangla Dam in Mirpur in the late 1950s as well, that destroyed hundreds of villages and stimulated a huge wave of migration.
In the years to come, many from Punjab began immigrating in the 1960s; they worked in the foundries of the English Midlands and a large number worked at Heathrow Airport as well. During the same time, medical staff from the Pakistan were recruited for the newly formed National Health Service. These people were targeted as the British had established medical schools in the Pakistan, which conformed to the British standards of medical training such as King Edward Medical College, in Lahore.
During the 1970s, a large number of East African Asians, who already held British passports, entered the UK after they were expelled from Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and Immigration Act 1971 largely restricted any further primary immigration, although family members of already-settled migrants were still allowed. In addition, much of the subsequent growth in the British Asian community has come from the births of second- and third-generation Asian Britons.
[edit] Integrating in British Society
The integration of Pakistanis in the United Kingdom has not been as successful as in other western countries, except a minority. Around half of the British Pakistanis living in Britain can trace their origins to this tiny area of Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, which was the site of a Mangla Dam, built in the 1960s and flooded the surrounding farmland. Mirpur is a conservative district, even by Pakistani standards and rural life here has not changed much over the years. Families are not only a source of rigid hierarchies, but also the guiding influence behind everything from marriage to business.[3] This has clashed with British values, in which people tend to be more independent and liberal. As a result, many Pakistanis have been forced to live in secluded areas with other Pakistanis, and thus the rise of ghettos. Integration of British Pakistanis has been increasingly hindered by the rise of ghettos. New research shows the population of these mostly inner city communities has been rising very fast. It is one way to avoid the difficulties of confronting cultural difference - to avoid cross-cultural contact altogether. And it seems to be the route taken by many people of Pakistanis. There are statistics which suggest that of all communities, Pakistanis live in the most segregated areas of Britain, and their children attend the most segregated schools. The British government has dedicated itself to integrating immigrants, providing some kind of shared identity to which Pakistanis could learn to accept. One plan includes the busing of Pakistani background students to "white schools" in an attempt to bridge the divide between the British public and Pakistanis.[4] But there are also different examples. People who came from the Punjab area of Pakistan have integrated much easier into the British society. They make up a third of the whole British Pakistani population. Different to the Kashmiri community, which mostly resides in the West Midlands and North of England, the community of Punjabi descend mostly lives in London, Scotland and Birmingham, where it could get to an steady improving success. Especially in London, where the Pakistani community unlike in other cities doesn't live in their own ghettos, they own many businesses and in some boroughs they're better educated and wealthier than even the Indian British community.
[edit] Demographics
Approximately 1,000,000 Pakistanis reside in the United Kingdom, according to the Ministry of Labour, Manpower & Overseas Pakistanis (Government of Pakistan)as of June, 2004[5]. The largest population is located in the West Midlands[6].
| Region | Population | Pakistani Population | Pakistanis as Percentage of Population | Cities / Boroughs with Significant Pakistani communities (2005) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Midlands [1] | 5,350,700 | 172,400 | 3.2% | Birmingham - 105,000 (10.4% of the city's population) Walsall - 10,000 (5.6%) Sandwell - 8,500 (3.0%) Stoke-on-Trent - 7,000 (3.0%) Dudley - 6,500 (3.3%) Coventry - 6,500 (2.1%) Burton-on-Trent - 4,000 (6.6%) Wolverhampton - 3,000 (1.3%) |
| Greater London [2] | 7,456,100 | 163,800 | 2.2% | Newham - 21,000 (8.7% of the city's population) Waltham Forest - 17,500 (7.7%) Redbridge - 15,000 (6.6%) Ealing - 11,500 (3.9%) Brent - 11,000 (4.3%) Hounslow - 9,500 (4.4%) Croydon - 7,500 (2.6%) Wandsworth - 5,500 (1.9%) Harrow - 4,500 (2.5%) Hillingdon - 4,000 (1.8%) Barnet - 4,000 (1.6%) Barking & Dagenham - 3,000 (2.2%) |
| Yorkshire and the Humber [3] | 5,107,500 | 163,400 | 3.2% | Bradford - 70,000 (23.8% of the city's population) Huddersfield/Kirklees - 27,000 (6.8%) Sheffield - 16,000 (3.0%) Leeds - 15,500 (3.5%) Halifax/Calderdale - 10,000 (5.0%) Rotherham - 5,000 (4.3%) Wakefield - 3,500 (4.4%) |
| North West [4] | 6,839,800 | 133,900 | 2.0% | Manchester - 23,500 (5.2% of the city's population) Rochdale - 16,000 (16.7%) Oldham - 14,000 (13.5%) Blackburn - 12,500 (11.9%) Nelson/Pendle - 12,000 (13.1%) Bolton - 7,000 (5.0%) Accrington/Hyndburn - 6,000 (7.3%) Bury - 6,000 (9.9%) Trafford - 3,000 (1.4%) Stockport - 3,000 (2.2%) |
| South East [5] | 8,184,600 | 71,300 | 0.9% | Slough - 15,000 (12.0% of the city's population) High Wycombe - 10,000 (8.5%) Crawley - 3,000 (3.0%) |
| East [6] | 5,563,000 | 50,800 | 0.9% | Luton - 17,500 (9.4%) Peterborough - 7,500 (4.6%) Watford - 4,000 (5.0%) |
| East Midlands [7] | 4,327,500 | 37,600 | 0.9% | Nottingham - 10,000 Derby - 9,000 Leicester - 5,000 |
| Scotland [8] | 5,094,800 | 32,000 | 0.6% | Glasgow - 22,000 Edinburgh - 6,000 |
| North East [9] | 2,549,700 | 17,900 | 0.7% | Middlesbrough & Stockton-on-Tees - 7,500 Newcastle Upon Tyne - 5,000 |
| South West [10] | 5,086,700 | 14,400 | 0.3% | Bristol - 4,500 |
| Wales [11] | 1,499,303 | 4,347 | 0.3% | Cardiff - 3,000 |
| Northern Ireland [12] | 1,685,267 | 666 | 0.03% | Belfast is likely to be home to the vast majority |
London
2005 estimates state that almost 200,000 British Citizens of Pakistani origin live in the Boroughs of London. The population is made up of Punjabis, Pathans, Urdu Speakers, Mirpuris and Sindhis. This mix makes the British Pakistani community of London, the most diverse of any in the UK, since the population can trace their origins from all the various regions and cities of Pakistan. The largest presence is in the East London communities of Ilford, Walthamstow, Leyton and Barking, however Newham in East London continues to support the largest community. Other large communities can be found in Southall and Hounslow in West London and Tooting, Croydon and Streatham in South London. A considerable number of Pakistanis have set up their own businesses, often employing family members. Today a fifth of Pakistani Londoners are self-employed. Businesses such as grocery stores and newsagents are common, while others who arrived later in London work as taxi drivers or chauffeurs (especially from NWFP area in Pakistan). Well-known British Pakistanis from London include Anwar Pervez, whose Earl's Court grocery store expanded into the Bestway chain with a turnover of £2 billion and the playwright and author Hanif Kureishi. Younger British Pakistanis are mostly very well integrated into British society and Pakistani British are mostly well educated. Many of them are much more religious than their parents, many into Salafism.
Birmingham
Birmingham has one of the largest Pakistani expat communities in the World (over 100,000). Most can trace their origins to 'Azad Kashmir'
Manchester
The largest visible minority in Manchester are Pakistanis (Majority of Azad Kashmir and Punjabi origin) which make up 3.8% of the total population. Sizeable Pakistani populations are also to be found in the neighbouring districts of Oldham (4.1%) and Rochdale (5.5%). Significantly, one in eight of all Pakistanis reside in Greater Manchester. This cultural diversity is expected to increase over time, given existing trends.[7]
Bradford
Bradford is well known for its large Pakistani population (largely from the 'Azad Kashmir' region of Pakistan), and is often dubbed Bradistan by Pakistani Britons or Little Pakistan by the British themselves. In 2001, riots escalated between the city's majority white population and the ethnic visible minorities (mainly Pakistani), and were called the Bradford Riots. The riot was estimated to have involved 1,000 youths. More than 300 police officers were hurt during the riot. There were 297 arrests in total; 187 people were charged with riot, 45 with violent disorder and 200 jail sentences totalling 604 years were handed down. Today around 15% of the city's population are Pakistani (some 70,000 people).
Glasgow
The majority of Pakistanis living in Scotland reside in Glasgow (and the surrounding Greater Glasgow area). With an estimated 22,000+ population, there are large Pakistani communities throughout the city, notably in the South and West sides with a healthy presence of Pakistani owned businesses there. The majority have origins from the Central Punjab part of Pakistan.
[edit] Notable British people of Pakistani descent
See List of British people of Pakistani descent
[edit] Languages
Most Pakistani Britons speak English and second, third and fourth generation Pakistani Britons consider English as their first language. Urdu is understood and spoken by many in the community and is often the language of communication between Pakistani Britons. Urdu is taught in madrassas along with Arabic. In some of the larger communities Urdu is also taught in secondary schools and colleges to GCSE and A Levels respectively. Overwhelming, the majority of Pakistanis in the Britain are from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir and the dominant languages therefore spoken are Pothwari and Hindko. Other languages include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Kashmiri and Balochi.
[edit] Religion
The vast majority of Pakistanis in the UK follow Sunni Islam, however there is a sizeable minority of Shia Muslims as well as some Christians throughout the community.
[edit] Culture & Events
Pakistani Britons come together to celebrate Pakistan's Independence Day on August 14 of each year. Together with the Pakistan Consulate in London, and other embassies within the country it's mission is to project Pakistan in its true colour as a dynamic, moderate and peaceful country. The events usually occur in large Pakistani populated areas of various cities in the United Kingdom, most primarily on Green Street in Newham, London. The celebration lasts all day with various festivals. Muslim of the community mark the Islamic Festivals of Eid ul Adha and Eid ul Fitr.
[edit] See also
- Overseas Pakistani
- Bangladeshi British
- Desi
- List of British Asian people
- BBC Asian Network
- Islam in the United Kingdom
[edit] References
- ^ The census in England and Wales
- ^ Neighbourhood Statistics - Home Page
- ^ The limits to integration - BBC News, 30 November 2006
- ^ Asian Muslim Ghettos Keep Growing, Hindering Integration
- ^ STATEMENT SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF OVERSEAS PAKISTANIS LIVING/WORKING/STUDYING IN DIFFERENT REGIONS/COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD AS ON 30-6-2004.
- ^ Percentage distribution of Pakistani Population UK Wide
- ^ Manchester Facts & Figures - 1
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[edit] External links
- paki.tv is a web project from the East India Dock of Former British Empire
- BBC Radio Player discussion on the dissatisfaction over the term Asian
- Black Youth Empowerment
- hWeb - An outline of the immigration pattern of the Pakistani community in Britain
