Pakistan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pakistan (Urdu: پاکستان listen ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and converging with Central Asia and the Middle East.[6][7] It has a 1,046 kilometer (650 mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast.[8]
The region forming modern Pakistan was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and the Indo-Greek kingdom. The area has witnessed invasions and settlement by the Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Afghans and the Mongols.[9] It was a part of British India until 1947, when the political agitation for a state for Muslims, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League resulted in the independence and the creation of the state of Pakistan from the provinces of Sind, Northwest Frontier Province, West Punjab, Baluchistan and East Bengal. With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, a civil war in East Pakistan resulted in the independence of Bangladesh. Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of economic growth as well as military rule and political instability.
Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. The country is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies. Pakistan is a founding member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Developing 8 Countries and the Economic Cooperation Organization. It is also a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, World Trade Organization, G33 developing countries, Group of 77 developing nations, major non-NATO ally of the United States and is a nuclear state.
Contents |
Etymology
The name Pakistan (IPA: [paːkɪst̪aːn]) means Land of (the) Pure in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1934 as Pakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never.[10] The name represented the "thirty million Muslims of PAKSTAN, who live in the five Northern Units of (British) India — Punjab, Afghania (also known as North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan."[11]
History
The Indus region which covers much of Pakistan, was the site of several ancient cultures including the Neolithic era Mehrgarh, and the Bronze era Indus Valley Civilization (2500 BCE - 1500 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.[12]
Waves of conquerors and migrants including Harappan, Indo-Aryan, Persian, Grecian, Saka, Parthian, Kushan, Hephthalite, Afghan, Arab, Turkics, and Mughal settled in the region throughout the centuries, influencing the locals and being absorbed among them. However, while the eastern provinces of Punjab and Sindh became aligned with Indo-Islamic civilisation, the western areas became culturally allied with the Iranic civilisation of Afghanistan and Iran.[13] The region is a crossroads of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. The Indus Valley Civilization collapsed in the middle of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Successive empires and kingdoms ruled the region from the Achaemenid Persian empire[14] around 543 BCE, to Alexander the Great[15] in 326 BCE and the Mauryan empire. The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab from 184 BCE, and reached its greatest extent under Menander, establishing the Greco-Buddhist period with advances in trade and culture. The city of Taxila (Takshashila) became a major centre of learning in ancient times - the remains of the city, located to the west of Islamabad, are one of the country's major archaeological sites.
In 712 CE, the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim[16] conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab. The Pakistan government's official chronology states that "its foundation was laid" as a result of this invasion.[17] This would set the stage for several successive Muslim empires in the subcontinent, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid Kingdom, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis and Sikhs to exercise control over large areas until the British East India Company[18] gained ascendancy over South Asia.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress in the twentieth century. The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India."[19] Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940 (popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution), which ultimately led to the formation of an independent Pakistan. In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its rule in India.
In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, B. R. Ambedkar representing the Untouchable community, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs, agreed to a independence. The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar), carved out of two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. The division of India resulted in communal riots across India and Pakistan—millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. Disputes arose over several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir, whose ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun warriors, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948. From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations. The republic declared in 1956 was stalled by a coup d'etat by Ayub Khan (1958–69), who was president during a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965. His successor, Yahya Khan (1969–71) had to deal with the cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan.
Economic and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political repression and tensions escalating into civil war[20] (East Pakistan civil war) (see also Causes of Separation of East Pakistan) and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and ultimately the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.[21] Estimates of the number of people killed during this episode vary greatly, from ~30,000 to over 2 million depending on the source.
Civilian rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in what amounted to a judicial murder in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Pakistan's secular policies were replaced by Zia's introduction of the Islamic Shariah legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of General Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she alternated power with Nawaz Sharif, as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan sent 5,000 troops to the 1991 Gulf War as part of a US led coalition and specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia.[22] Military tensions in the Kargil conflict[23] with India were followed by a Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999[24] in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf named himself President after the forced resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 Prime-Ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz, followed by a temporary period in office by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain. On 15th November, 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and so a caretaker government was appointed with the former Chairman of the Senate, Muhammad Mian Soomro as caretaker Prime Minister. However, the December 2007 assassination of Benazir Bhutto underscores the instability of Pakistan's political system. On 25th March 2008 Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister.[25]
Government and politics
The government of Pakistan was based on the Government of India Act (1935) for the first nine years after independence. The first Constitution of Pakistan was adopted in 1956, but was suspended in 1958 by General Ayub Khan. The Constitution of 1973, was suspended in 1977 by Zia-ul-Haq, re-instated in 1991 and is the country's most important document, laying the foundations of government. Pakistan is a semi-presidential federal democratic republic with Islam as the state religion. The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. The President is the Head of State and the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and is elected by an electoral college. The prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly. Each province has a similar system of government with a directly elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of the largest party or alliance becomes Chief Minister. Provincial Governors are appointed by the President.
The Pakistani military has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's history, with military presidents ruling from 1958–71, 1977–88 and from 1999 onwards. The leftist PPP, led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, emerged as a major political player during the 1970s. Under the military rule of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Pakistan began a marked shift from the British-era secular politics and policies, to the adoption of Shariat and other laws based on Islam. During the 1980s, the anti-feudal, pro-Muhajir Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) was started by unorthodox and educated urban dwellers of Sindh and particularly Karachi. The 1990s were characterized by coalition politics dominated by the PPP and a rejuvenated Muslim League.
In the October 2002 general elections, the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) won a plurality of National Assembly seats with the second-largest group being the Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP), a sub-party of the PPP. Zafarullah Khan Jamali of PML-Q emerged as Prime Minister but resigned on 26 June 2004 and was replaced by PML-Q leader Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as interim Prime Minister. On 28 August 2004 the National Assembly voted 191 to 151 to elect the Finance Minister and former Citibank Vice President Shaukat Aziz as Prime Minister. The Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, a coalition of Islamic religious parties, won elections in North-West Frontier Province, and increased their representation in the National Assembly - until their defeat in the 2008 elections.
Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the latter of which Pakistan has used as a forum for Enlightened Moderation, a plan to promote a renaissance and enlightenment in the Muslim world. Pakistan is also a member of the major regional organisations of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO). In the past, Pakistan has had mixed relations with the United States especially in the early 1950s when Pakistan was the United States' "most allied ally in Asia"[26] and a member of both the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO). During the Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s Pakistan was a crucial US ally, but relations soured in the 1990s, when sanctions were applied by the US over suspicions of Pakistan's nuclear activities. The September 11, 2001 attacks and the subsequent War on Terrorism have seen an improvement in US–Pakistan ties, especially after Pakistan ended its support of the Taliban regime in Kabul. This was evidenced by a drastic increase in American military aid, which saw Pakistan take in $4 billion more in three years after the 9/11 attacks than in the three years before.[27]
On February 18, 2008, Pakistan held its general elections after being postponed from 8 January 2008.[28] The Pakistan Peoples Party won the majority of the votes and formed an alliance with the Pakistan Muslim League (N). They nominated and elected Yousaf Raza Gilani as Prime Minister of Pakistan [29]
Subdivisions
Pakistan is a federation[30] of four provinces, a capital territory and federally administered tribal areas. The government of Pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction over the western parts of the disputed Kashmir region,[8] organised as two separate political entities (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas). Pakistan also claims the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
The third tier of government was composed of 26 divisions with two further tiers (districts and tehsils) administered directly from the provincial level. The divisions were abolished in 2001[31] and a new three-tiered system of local government came into effect comprising districts, tehsils and union councils with an elected body at each tier. There are currently 107 districts in Pakistan proper, each with several tehsils and union councils. The tribal areas comprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts whilst Azad Kashmir comprises seven districts and Northern Areas comprises six districts.
Provinces:
-
- Balochistan and NWFP also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas[32] (PATA) which are being developed into regular districts.
Territories:
Pakistani-administered portions of Kashmir:
Military
_Shahjahan_&_Tippi_Sultan.jpeg/180px-Pakistan_Navy_Ship_(PNS)_Shahjahan_&_Tippi_Sultan.jpeg)
The armed forces of Pakistan are a completely volunteer force and are the seventh largest in the world. The three main components are the Army, Navy and Air Force, supported by a number of paramilitary forces which carry out internal security roles and border patrols. The National Command Authority is responsible for exercise employment and development control of all strategic nuclear forces and organizations.
The Pakistan military first saw combat in the First Kashmir War, gaining control of what is now Pakistan-administered Kashmir. In 1961, the army repelled a major Afghan incursion on Pakistan's western border.[33] In 1965, Pakistan fought the Second Kashmir War with India, and in 1971 the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 broke out. In 1973, the military quelled a Baloch nationalist uprising. During the Soviet-Afghan war, Pakistan shot down several intruding aircraft, as well as provided covert support to the Afghan mujahideen through the Inter-Services Intelligence agency. In 1999, Pakistan was involved in the Kargil conflict with India. Currently, the military is engaged in an armed conflict with Islamic militants in the north-west of the country.
The Pakistani armed forces are the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping efforts, with more than 10,000 personnel deployed in 2007.[34] Pakistan provided a military contingent to the Coalition during the first Gulf War and in the past Pakistani personnel volunteered to serve in the armed forces of Arab countries involved in conflicts with Israel.[35]
Geography and climate
Pakistan covers 340,403 square miles (881,640 km²),[36] approximately the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom, with its eastern regions located on the Indian tectonic plate and the western and northern regions on the Iranian plateau and Eurasian landplate. Apart from the 1,046 kilometre (650 mi) Arabian Sea coastline, Pakistan's land borders total 6,774 kilometres—2,430 kilometres (1,509 mi) with Afghanistan to the northwest, 523 kilometres (325 mi) with China to the northeast, 2,912 kilometres (1,809 mi) with India to the east and 909 kilometres (565 mi) with Iran to the southwest.[37]
The different types of natural features range from the sandy beaches, lagoons, and mangrove swamps of the southern coast to preserved beautiful moist temperate forests and the icy peaks of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains in the north. There are an estimated 108 peaks above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) high that are covered in snow and glaciers. Five of the mountains in Pakistan (including Nanga Parbat) are over 8,000 metres (26,000 ft). Indian-controlled Kashmir to the Northern Areas of Pakistan and running the length of the country is the Indus River with its many tributaries. The northern parts of Pakistan attract a large number of foreign tourists. To the west of the Indus are the dry, hilly deserts of Balochistan; to the east are the rolling sand dunes of the Thar Desert. The Tharparkar desert in the southern province of Sindh, is the only fertile desert in the world. Most areas of Punjab and parts of Sindh are fertile plains where agriculture is of great importance.
The climate varies as much as the scenery, with cold winters and hot summers in the north and a mild climate in the south, moderated by the influence of the ocean. The central parts have extremely hot summers with temperatures rising to 45 °C (113 °F), followed by very cold winters, often falling below freezing. Officially the highest temperature recorded in Pakistan is 50.55 °C (122.99 °F) at Pad Idan.[38] There is very little rainfall ranging from less than 250 millimetres to more than 1,250 millimetres (9.8–49.2 in), mostly brought by the unreliable south-westerly monsoon winds during the late summer. The construction of dams on the rivers and the drilling of water wells in many drier areas have temporarily eased water shortages at the expense of downgradient populations.
Flora and fauna
The wide variety of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows for a wide variety of wild animals and birds. The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine, and deodar cedar in the northern mountains to deciduous trees such as the mulberry-type Shisham in the Sulaiman range in the south. The western hills have juniper and tamarisk as well as coarse grasses and scrub plants. Along the coast are mangrove forests which form much of the coastal wetlands.
In the south, there are crocodiles in the murky waters at the mouth of the Indus River whilst on the banks of the river, there are boars, deer, porcupines, and small rodents. In the sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are found jackals, hyenas, wild cats, panthers, and leopards while the clear blue skies abound with hawks, falcons, and eagles. In the southwestern deserts are rare Asiatic cheetahs. In the northern mountains are a variety of endangered animals including Marco Polo sheep, Urial sheep, Markhor and Ibex goats, black and brown Himalayan bears, and the rare Snow Leopard. During August 2006, Pakistan donated an orphaned snow leopard cub called Leo to USA.[39] Another rare species is the blind Indus River Dolphin of which there are believed to be about 1,000 remaining, protected in two major sanctuaries. In recent years the number of wild animals being killed for fur and leather trading led to a new law banning the hunting of wild animals and birds and the establishment of several wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves.[40]
Economy
Pakistan is a rapidly developing country[41][42][43] and a major emerging market,[44] with an economic growth rate of 7 percent per annum for four consecutive years up to 2007.[45][46] Despite being a very poor country in 1947, Pakistan's economic growth rate was better than the global average during the subsequent four decades, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s.[47] Recently, wide-ranging economic reforms have resulted in a stronger economic outlook and accelerated growth especially in the manufacturing and financial services sectors. There has been great improvement in the foreign exchange position and rapid growth in hard currency reserves in recent years. The 2005 estimate of foreign debt was close to US$40 billion. However, this has decreased in recent years with assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and significant debt-relief from the United States. Pakistan's gross domestic product, as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), is estimated to be US$475.4 billion[48] while its per capita income (PCI) stands at $2,942.[48] The poverty rate in Pakistan is estimated to be between 23%[49] and 28%.[50] Pakistan's GDP growth rates have seen a steady increase over the last 5 years. However, inflationary pressures and a low savings rate, among other economic factors, could make it difficult to sustain a high growth rate.[51][52][53]
The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural base to a strong service base. Agriculture now only accounts for roughly 20% of the GDP, while the service sector accounts for 53% of the GDP with wholesale and retail trade forming 30% of this sector. In the past few years, the Karachi Stock Exchange has increased in value along with most of the world's emerging markets. Significant foreign investments have been made in several areas including telecommunications, real estate and energy.[54].[55] Other major industries include software, automotives, textiles, cement, fertilizer, steel, ship building, aerospace and arms manufacturing.
Pakistan has the world's largest earth filled dam Tarbela, the world's twelfth largest dam Mangla, and half a dozen additional dams planned.[56] Pakistan and China jointly built the world's highest international road: the Karakoram Highway.
In November of 2006 China and Pakistan signed a Free Trade Agreement hoping to triple bilateral trade from $4.2 billion (USD) to $15 billion (USD) within the next five years.[57] Pakistan's exports in 2007 amounted to $20.58 billion (USD).[58]
Demographics
It is estimated that the Pakistan's population will be over 180,000,000 by mid 2008. Pakistan had an estimated population of 169,300,000 as of July 2007,[3] Pakistan has the world's sixth largest population, placing it higher than Russia, and lower than Brazil. Pakistan is expected to surpass Brazil in population by the year 2020 because of the high growth rate[citation needed]. Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of the apparent differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to the fertility rate, but it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in the 1980s and has since declined significantly.[59] The population was estimated at 162,400,000[60] on July 1, 2005, with a fertility rate of 34 per thousand, a death rate of 10 per thousand, and the rate of natural increase at 2.4%. Pakistan also has a high infant mortality rate of 70 per thousand births.[61]
The major ethnic groups are - Punjabis (44.68% of the population), Pashtuns (15.42%),Sindhis (14.1%), Seraikis (8.38%), Muhajirs (7.57%), Balochis (3.57%) and others (6.08%). As of early 2007, about 2 million registered Afghan refugees remain in Pakistan as a result of the ongoing war and instability in Afghanistan.[62]
Although spoken only by a minority of Pakistanis, Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, while English is the official language, used in the Constitution and widely used by businesses, educated urban classes and most universities. Punjabi is the largest indigenous language and is spoken by over 60 million people, but has no official recognition in the country.[63] Other significant languages spoken in Pakistan include (in order of number of speakers): Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, and Balochi; English is mostly spoken by educated peoples.[64]
The demographics of religion in Pakistan were significantly altered in 1947 by the migration of Muslims from India to Pakistan, and that of Hindus and Sikhs of Pakistan to India. Census data indicates that 96% of the population are Muslims,[65] (nearly 77% are Sunni Muslims and 20% are Shi'a Muslims).[37] Minority religions include Hinduism (1.85%), Christianity (1.6%), as well as much smaller numbers of Sikhs (Around 0.04%), Parsis, Ahmadis, Buddhists, Jews, Bahá'ís, and Animists (mainly the Kalasha of Chitral). Pakistan is the second most populous Muslim-majority country[66] and also has the second largest Shi'a population in the world.[67]
Education
Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees.[68]
Pakistan also has a parallel secondary school education system in private schools, which is based upon the curriculum set by the University of Cambridge. Some students choose to take the O level and A level exams, which are administered by the British Council,[69] in place of government exams.
There are currently 730 technical & vocational institutions in Pakistan.[70] The minimum qualifications to enter male vocational institutions, is the completion of grade 8. The programmes are generally two to three years in length. The minimum qualifications to enter female vocational institutions, is the completion of grade 5.[71]
All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the provincial governments. The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research.
English medium education is to be introduced on a phased basis to all schools across the country.[72] Through various educational reforms, by the year 2015, the ministry of education expects to attain 100% enrolment levels amongst primary school aged children, and a literacy rate of 86% amongst people aged over 10.[73]
Society and culture
Pakistan has a rich and unique culture that has preserved established traditions throughout history. Many cultural practices, foods, monuments, and shrines were inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan emperors. The national dress of shalwar qamiz is originally of Central Asian origin derived from Turko-Iranian nomadic invaders and is today worn in all parts of Pakistan. Women wear brightly coloured shalwar qamiz, while men often wear solid-coloured ones. In cities western dress is also popular among the youth and the business sector.
Pakistani society is largely multilingual and 96% Muslim, with high regard for traditional family values, although urban families have grown into a nuclear family system due to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system. Recent decades have seen the emergence of a middle class in cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar that wish to move in a more liberal direction,[74] as opposed to the northwestern regions bordering Afghanistan that remain highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old regional tribal customs. Increasing globalization has increased the influence of "Western culture" with Pakistan ranking 46th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[75] There are an approximated four million Pakistanis living abroad,[76] with close to a half-million expatriates living in the United States[77] and around a million living in Saudi Arabia.[78] As well as nearly one million people of Pakistani descent in the United Kingdom, there are burgeoning cultural connections.[79]
Music
The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has rekindled Pashto and Persian music and established Peshawar as a hub for Afghan musicians and a distribution centre for Afghan music abroad.[80]
Popular media
Until the 1990s, the state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation were the dominant media outlets, but there are now numerous private television channels. Various American, European, and Asian television channels and films are available to the majority of the Pakistani population via private Television Networks, cable, and satellite television. There are also small indigenous film industries based in Lahore and Peshawar (often referred to as Lollywood). Although Bollywood films have been banned from being played in public cinemas since 1965,[81] Indian film stars are still generally popular in Pakistan due to the fact that Pakistanis are easily able to buy Bollywood films from local shops for private home viewing. But recently Pakistan allowed selected Bollywood films to be shown in Pakistani cinemas.
Holidays
There are many festivals celebrated annually in Pakistan which may or may not observe as holidays e.g. Pakistan Day (23 March), Independence Day (14 August), Defence of Pakistan Day (6 September), Pakistan Air Force Day (7 September), the anniversaries of the birth (25 December)(holiday) and death (11 September) of Quaid-e-Azam, (Allama Iqbal (9 November) and the birth (30 July) and death (8 July) of Madar-e-Millat. Labour Day (also known as May Day) is also observed in Pakistan on May 1 (holiday). Several important festivals are celebrated by Pakistani Muslims during the year, dependent on the Islamic calendar. Ramadan, the ninth month of the calendar, is characterised by daytime fasting for 29 or 30 days and is followed by the festival of Eid ul-Fitr. In a second festival, Eid ul-Adha, an animal is sacrificed in remembrance of the actions of Prophet Abraham (Arabic: Ibrahim) and the meat is shared with friends, family, and the less fortunate. Both Eid festivals are public holidays, serving as opportunities for people to visit family and friends, and for children to receive new clothes, presents, and sweets. Muslims celebrate Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi, the birthday of the prophet Muhammad, in the third month of the calendar (Rabi' al-Awwal). Muslims mark the Day of Ashurah on the 9th and 10th days of the first month (Muharram) to commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn bin Ali.
Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians in Pakistan also celebrate their own festivals and holidays. Sikhs come from across the world to visit several holy sites in Punjab, including the shrine of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, at Hasan Abdal in Attock District, and his birthplace, at Nankana Sahib. There are also several regional and local festivals, such as the Punjabi festival of Basant, which marks the start of spring and is celebrated by kite flying.
Sports
The official and national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, although cricket is more popular. The national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999), and co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996). Pakistan were runners-up in the inaugural 2007 ICC World Twenty20 held in South Africa. Pakistan was chosen to host the 2008 ICC Champions Trophy cricket tournament and co-host the 2011 Cricket World Cup, with Sri Lanka, India, and Bangladesh. Other popular sports in Pakistan include football, and squash. Squash is another sport that Pakistanis have excelled in, with successful world-class squash players such as Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan winning the World Open several times during their careers.
At an international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Pakistan's medal tally remains at 10 medals (3 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze) while at the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games it stands at 61 medals and 182 medals respectively. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, with three gold medals in (1960, 1968, and 1984). Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).[82] Pakistan has also hosted several international competitions, including the SAF Games in 1989 and 2004.
The Motorsport Association of Pakistan is a member of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The Freedom Rally is a yearly off-road race which takes place during the Independence celebrations.
Architecture
The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be designated to four distinct periods — pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium[83] B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day.[84]Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. The rise of Buddhism and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in the northwest province. The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture.[85] However, a smooth transition to predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture occurred. The most important of the few completely discovered buildings of Persian style is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of the Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, still strongly Persian seeming Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums. Also the Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh originates from the epoch of the Mughals. In the British colonial age predominantly representative buildings of the Indo-European style developed, from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.
Literature
The literature of Pakistan covers the literatures of languages spread throughout the country, namely Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pushto, Baluchi as well as English[86] in recent times and in the past often Persian as well. Prior to the 19th century, the literature mainly consisted of lyric poetry and religious, mystical and popular materials. During the colonial age the native seal under the influence of the western literature of realism took up increasingly different topics and telling forms. Today short stories enjoy a special popularity.[87] The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote mainly in the Persian language, and additionally in Urdu. His works are concerned mostly with Islamic philosophy. Iqbal's most well-known work is the Persian poem volume Asrar-i-Khudi ("the secrets of the even"). The most famous works of Urdu literature originated in the 14th century.[88] The most well-known representative of the contemporary Urdu literature of Pakistan is Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sufi Shah Abdul Latif is considered one of the most outstanding mystical poets.[89] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.[90] In Punjabi, naats and qawaalis are delivered. The Pushto literature tradition is a cultural link between Pakistan and neighbouring Afghanistan. Extensive lyric poetry and epic poems have been published in Pushto. In Baluchi language songs and ballads are popular.
Tourism
Tourism is a growing industry in Pakistan, based on its diverse cultures, peoples and landscapes.[91] The variety of attractions range from the ruins of ancient civilisations such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations, which attract those interested in field and winter sports. Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over 7,000 metres (22,970 ft), which attracts adventurers and mountaineers from around the world, especially K2.[92] The people of northern areas depend on tourism also. From April to September tourist of domestic and international type visited these areas which became the earn of living for local people. The northern parts of Pakistan have many old fortresses, towers and other architecture as well as the Hunza and Chitral valleys, the latter being home to the Kalash, a small pre-Islamic Animist community, who claim descent from the army of Alexander the Great. In the Punjab is the site of Alexander's battle on the Jhelum River and the historic city Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital with many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. To promote Pakistan's unique and various cultural heritage, the prime minister launched "Visit Pakistan 2007".[93][94]
Transportation
The transport system of Pakistan is extensive and varied, with considerable investment in the transportation infrastructure in recent years. Since the 1990’s onward, the National Highway Authority has been developing a network of modern motorways that connects nearly every major city in Pakistan. These improvements have contributed to an acceleration of economic growth. Pakistan Railways has extensive network in Pakistan facilitating transport of freight and people. The ports have also been developing to deal with the growing demand for imports and exports. Pakistan has five international and many local airports connecting with the rest of the world.
See also
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ Government of Pakistan. Information of Pakistan: Basic Facts. Retrieved on 2007-10-23.
- ^ Population by Mother Tongue. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2007-12-11.
- ^ a b Population Reference Bureau: Population Clock. Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-04-03.
- ^ Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on 2007-12-15.
- ^ Encarta Encyclopedia - Pakistan
- ^ Middle East Institute: Pakistan
- ^ a b c d The Kashmir region is claimed by both India and Pakistan. Both countries and China separately administer parts of the region with the Indian and Pakistani-held areas defined by the Line of Control. India refers to Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas as Pakistan Occupied Kashmir(POK), while Pakistan refers to Jammu and Kashmir as Indian Occupied Kashmir.
- ^ Pakistan InfoPlease
- ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali (January 28, 1933). Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?. Columbia University. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ Wolpert, Stanley A. (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195034120.
- ^ Minnesota State University page on Mohenjo-Daro
- ^ Wright, John W. (1997). Universal Almanac. New York: Andrews & McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0836221877.
- ^ Livius.org on the extent of the Achaemenid Empire
- ^ Plutarch's Life of Alexander
- ^ Infinity Foundation's translation of the Chach-Nama
- ^ History in Chronological Order. Government of Pakistan.
- ^ Library of Congress study of Pakistan
- ^ Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address. Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved on 2006-12-19.
- ^ 1971 war summary by BBC website
- ^ http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/17.htm US Country Studies article on the Bangladesh War]
- ^ The 1991 Gulf war
- ^ Kargil conflict timeline on the BBC website
- ^ Daily Telegraph (UK) article on the 1999 coup
- ^ New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in - Accessed 25 March 2008
- ^ Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia
- ^ "Pakistan's $4.2 Billion 'Blank Check' for U.S. Military Aid, After 9/11, funding to country soars with little oversight", Center for Public Integrity, 2007-03-27.
- ^ Ahmed Rashid. "Pakistan's uncertain year ahead", BBC News, 2007-01-10. Retrieved on 2008-04-02.
- ^ "Pakistani prime minister frees judges", AP, 2008-03-24. Retrieved on 2008-04-02.
- ^ The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Part I. National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.
- ^ What is Decentralization Support Program. Decentralization Support Program, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
- ^ The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Part XII. National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.
- ^ Ian Talbot (1999). The Armed Forces of Pakistan. Macmillan, p99. ISBN 0312216068.
- ^ Monthly Summary of Contributors to UN Peacekeeping Operations (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
- ^ [1] Pakistan Army
- ^ The area of Pakistan proper excludes the regions administered in Kashmir URL accessed on November 03, 2006
- ^ a b Pakistan. World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ Goddard Space Flight Center (2002-05-24). Science Question of the Week. NASA. Retrieved on 2007-12-31.
- ^ Leo the snow leopard is US-bound
- ^ Wildlife Sanctuaries of Pakistan
- ^ GCC investments in Pakistan and future trends. Gulf Research Center (2007-01-3). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Quid Pro Quo 45 – Tales of Success (PDF). Muslim Commercial Bank of Pakistan (2007-09-19). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Pakistan steels itself for sell-offs. BBC News (2006-06-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ MSCI Regional Equity Indices. MSCI Barra. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ 7% growth achieved in FY 05–06. Daily Times of Pakistan (2006-12-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Pakistan Economy Registers 7% Growth Rate for 4th Consecutive Year. Pakistan Times (2007-06-02). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Pakistan Studies; Economy. American Institute of Pakistan Studies. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
- ^ a b Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP). International Monetary Fund (October 2007).
- ^ WB, UNDP question poverty estimates. Dawn Group of Newspapers (2006-06-20). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Pakistan: People. The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ John Wall. Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006. World Bank. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Country-by-Country Growth and Forecasts. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ View: Is GDP growth sustainable?. Daily Times Newspaper (2006-05-01). Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
- ^ FDI to touch $7 billion by year-end: SBP governor. Daily Times of Pakistan (2007-04-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Foreign investment to reach $7 billion during current fiscal: Governor SBP. Pak Tribune (2007-04-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Technical Arguments for KBD-2 (PDF). The President of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Experts: Enhance economic links. People's Daily Online (2006-11-27). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Pakistan: Economy. The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ Feeney and Alam, 2003
- ^ Population Reference Bureau's 2005 World Data Sheet
- ^ International Data Base U.S. Census Bureau. URL accessed on 17 October 2006.
- ^ Government of Pakistan - National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA), NADRA Has Registered 2.15 Million Afghan Refugees, February 15, 2007.
- ^ Ethnologue Western Punjabi
- ^ In Pakistan, a Big Push to Teach English; Local Versions Flourish VOA News. URL accessed on May 18, 2008.
- ^ Population by religion. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ Robert Ayres, Turning Point: The End of the Growth Paradigm, James & James/Earthscan, 1998, pp. 63. ISBN 1853834394
- ^ How Many Shia Are In The World? islamicweb.com. URL accessed on May 18, 2008.
- ^ Diagnostic Report (PDF). Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan. The British Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ Medium Term Development framework 2005-10. Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ Structure of Pakistani Education. World Education Services. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
- ^ Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ National Plan of Action. Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ Beinart, Peter. "Understate". The New Republic Online. July 01, 2002.
- ^ Kearney Foreign Policy Globalization Index
- ^ Aslam, S.M., Expatriates to Build Better Pakistan, Pakistan & Gulf Economist, 11–17 December 2000, URL accessed March 17, 2006
- ^ Ahmed, Faish. "U.S. Rules Give Pakistan a Windfall". Wall Street Journal. New York, New York. October 22, 2003. Page A18.
- ^ Hussain, Shaiq. Musharraf to focus on Palestine in Saudia visit from today. The Nation. June 25, 2005. URL accessed March 17, 2006
- ^ Howells, Kim. Kim Howells arrives in Pakistan. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (National). September 6, 2006. URL accessed October 22, 2006
- ^ Tohid, Owais Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on February 18, 2008
- ^ Pakistan to show Bollywood film. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
- ^ Bharatiya Hockey
- ^ Dehejia, Vidja South Asian Art and Culture. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
- ^ The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization [2] Retrieved on February 6, 2008
- ^ Architecture in Pakistan: A Historical Overview. All Things Pakistan. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
- ^ Shamsie, Muneeza Pakistani Writers in English: A Question of Identity. Sepia Mutiny. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
- ^ Kamran, Gilani Pakistani Literature- Evolution & trends. The South Asian. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
- ^ Urdu Literature. Culturopedia. Retrieved February 9, 2008
- ^ Shah Abdul Latif. Story of Pakistan. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
- ^ Rahman, Mahmudur Renowned scholar of Sindh. DAWN newspaper. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
- ^ Tourism in Pakistan (2005-10-20). Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
- ^ PTDC page on mountaineering
- ^ Visit Pakistan Year 2007. Ministry of Tourism, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
- ^ 2007 to be ‘Visit Pakistan Year’. Dawn Group of Newspapers (2006-12-10). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
Further reading
- Cohen, Stephen P. The Idea of Pakistan. The Brookings Institution. November 2004. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron. The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Syracuse University Press. August 1988. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.
- Halliday, Fred. State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. Monthly Review Pr. February 1998. ISBN 0-85345-734-4.
- Hammond Incorporated. Hammond Greater Middle East Region: Including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and Turkey. American Map Corporation. August 2002. ISBN 0-8437-1827-7.
- Hilton, Isabel. Letter from Pakistan: The Pashtun Code. The New Yorker. December 03, 2001. [3]
- Insight Guides, Halliday, Tony and Ikram, Tahir. Insight Guide Pakistan. Apa Productions. January 1998. ISBN 0-88729-736-6.
- Malik, Hafeez. Pakistan: Founders' Aspirations and Today's Realities. Oxford University Press, USA. May 2001. ISBN 0-19-579333-1.
- Malik, Iftikhar H. Religious Minorities in Pakistan. Minority Rights Group International. September 2002. ISBN 1-897693-69-9. [4]
- Malik, Iftikhar H. Culture and customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press. December 2005. ISBN 031333126X
- Najim, Adil. Pakistan and Democracy. The News International Pakistan. May 06, 2004. [5]
- Rooney, John. Shadows in the dark: A history of Christianity in Pakistan up to the 10th century. Christian Study Centre. January 1984. OCLC 12177250.
- Rahman, Tariq.1996. Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi: Oxford University Press. Reprinted several times, latest repr. 2006.
- Rahman, Tariq .2002. Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning Among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India Karachi: OUP.
- Rahman, Tariq .2004. Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan Karachi: OUP, 2006 repr.
- Sharif, Shuja. Musharraf's Administration And Pakistan's Economy. Contemporary Review. March 31, 2005. 129–134.
- Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, USA. May 1984. ISBN 0-19-503412-0.
- Zakaria, Rafiq. The Man Who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnah's Leadership and its Aftermath. Popular Prakashan. 2001. ISBN 81-7154-892-X
- Statehood in South Asia
- Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 10 (October 2004)
External links
| Find more about Pakistan on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
|---|---|
 |
Dictionary definitions |
 |
Textbooks |
 |
Quotations |
 |
Source texts |
 |
Images and media |
 |
News stories |
 |
Learning resources |
- Government of Pakistan
- The President of Pakistan
- The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan- Pakistan travel guide from Wikitravel
- Wikia has a wiki on this subject: Pakistan
- Pakistan at the Open Directory Project
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
