Paganini Competition

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The Paganini Competition (or Premio Paganini or Paganini Concore) is an international violin competition named after the famed virtuoso and founder of contemporary violin technique Niccolò Paganini. Created in 1954 it has been carried out ever since in the months of September and October. The "Paganini Competition" is one of the most important violin competitions. It is held every two years at "Carlo Felice" theatre in Genoa, Italy. There are three levels of competition: preliminaries, semi-finals, and finals and repertoire that is played includes solo violin, violin and piano accompaniment, and violin and orchestra.

Contents

[edit] Participation

Participants are of all nationalities and are under 34 years of age.

[edit] Competition

Preliminaries: Preliminary repertoire includes two selections for solo violin or violin and piano accompaniment and two Caprices from Paganini's 24 Caprices, Op.1 M.S. 25

Semi-Finals: Two to three selections for solo violin or violin and piano, one virtuoso piece by Paganini, and one contemporary piece.

Finals: Two pieces with Orchestra that may be a whole concerto or part of a concerto. One of the two pieces is always by Paganini.

[edit] The Judges

There are eight judges. They are all musicians, usually violinists, but sometimes composers, conductors, or other musicians.

[edit] Award

Six musicians place, though occasionally seven have been awarded the prize. Since 1989 special placement has been awarded. It is no longer possible to place first place. The player selected by the judges, however, will be given the honor of playing one of Paganini's violins and is often offered recording contracts.

[edit] Special Awards

Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Given to the youngest contender who makes it to the finals.
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Given to a finalist for the best interpretation of the Caprices of Paganini.
Prize to the memory of the M.o Mario Ruminelli: Given to the top competitor as chosen by the judges.
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Given for the best performance of modern violin repertoire.



[edit] Winners

1956 Gyorgy Pauk (Hungary) former æquo
1956 Gerard Poulet (France) former æquo
1958 Salvatore Accardo (Italy)
1959 Stuart Canin (USA)
1961 Emil Kamilarov (Bulgaria)
1962 Maryvonne The Dizes (France)
1963 Oleh Krysa (USSR)
1964 Jean-Jacques Kantorow (France)
1965 Viktor Pikaizen (USSR)
1967 Grigori Zhislin (USSR)
1968 Miriam Fried (Israel)
1969 Gidon Kremer (USSR)
1971 Mose Sekler (USSR)
1972 Eugene Fodor (USA)
1973 Alexander Kramarov (USSR)
1975 Yuri Korchinski (USSR)
1976 Lenuţa Ciulei (Romania)
1977 Ilya Grubert (USSR)
1978 Eugen Sârbu (Romania)
1979 Florin Paul (Romania)
1981 Ilya Kaler (USSR)
1985 Dmitri Berlinski (USSR)
1987 Lu Szu Ching (China)
1988 Leonidas Kavakos (Greece)
1990 Natalia Prischepenko (USSR)
1991 Massimo Quarta (Italy)
1992 Julia Krasko (Russia)
1993 Isabelle Faust (Germany)
1994 Bin Huang (China)
1996 Soovin Kim (USA)
1997 Giovanni Angeleri (Italy)
1998 Ilya Gringolts (Russia)
1999 Sayaka Shoji (Japan)
2000 Natalia Lomeiko (New Zealand/Russia)
2001 Mariusz Patyra (Poland)
2002 Mengla Huang (China)
2006 Ning Feng (China)

[edit] Breakdown of First Place Musicians by Country

11 USSR
4 China
3 France
3 Italy
3 Romania
3 USA
2 France
2 Russia
1 Bulgaria
1 Germany
1 Japan
1 Greece
1 Israel
1 New Zealand
1 Poland
1 Hungary

[edit] Finalists by Nation

42 Japan
36 USSR
26 France
22 USA
19 Italy
13 Poland
12 Romania
11 Germany
8 Bulgaria
7 Israel
7 Russia
5? China
5 Korea
3 South Korea
3 Great Britain
3 Ukraine
3 Hungary
2 Austria
2 Latvia
1 Belgium
1 Canada
1 Denmark
1 Philippines
1 Greece
1 Iceland
1 Lebanon
1 Mexico
1 New Zealand
1 Netherlands
1 Portugal
1 East Germany
1 Serbia
1 Syria
1 Slovenia
1 Slovakia
1 Sweden
1 Venezuela

[edit] Highest number of prizes held (minimum 3)

Giovanni Angeleri (Italy) 7 prizes
Eijin Nimura (Japan) 5 prizes
Yuki Manuela Janke (Germania/Japan) 4 prizes
Jean-Pierre Wallez (France) 4 prizes
Feng Ning (China) 3 prizes
Ilya Gringolts (Russia) 3 prizes
Mengla Huang (China) 3 prizes
Mariusz Patyra (Poland) 3 prizes
Gabriele Pieranunzi (Italy) 3 prizes
Sayaka Shoji (Japan) 3 prizes
Reiko Watanabe (Japan) 3 prizes

[edit] Past prize-winners

[edit] I Edition - 1954

not assigned

[edit] II Edition - 1955

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: not assigned
3rd Prize: Luciano Vicari (Italy)
4th Prize æquo: Liliane Beretti (France) and Jean Louis Stunrop (Netherlands)

[edit] III Edition - 1956

1st Prize æquo: Gyorgy Pauk (Hungary) and Gerard Poulet (France)
2nd Prize: not assigned
3rd Prize: not assigned
4th Prize æquo: Carmencita Lozada (Philippine), Luciano Vicari (Italy) and Jean-Pierre
Wallez (France)

[edit] IV Edition - 1957

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize æquo: Salvatore Accardo (Italy) and Pierre Doukan (France)
4th Prize: Jean-Pierre Wallez (France)
5th Prize: not assigned
6th Prize: not assigned

[edit] V Edition - 1958

1st Prize: Salvatore Accardo (Italy)
2nd Prize: Jean-Pierre Wallez (France)
3rd Prize: not assigned
4th Prize: not assigned
5th Prize: not assigned
6th Prize: not assigned

[edit] VI Edition - 1959

1st Prize: Stuart Canin (USA)
2nd Prize: Sigfried Gawriloff (Germany)
3rd Prize: Liliane Caillon (France)
4th Prize: Catherine Courtois (France)
5th Prize: Eleonora Of The Aquila (Italy)
6th Prize: Johannes BrÜning (Germany)

[edit] VII Edition - 1960

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize æquo: Jean-Pierre Wallez (France) and Yossef Zivoni (Israel)
4th Prize: Gigino Maestri (Italy)
5th Prize: not assigned
6th Prize: Josef Sivo (Austria)

[edit] VIII Edition - 1961

1st Prize: Emil Kamilarov (Bulgaria)
2nd Prize æquo: Elaine Skorodin (USA) and Carmencita Lozada (Philippines)
4th Prize æquo: Bice Antonioni (Italy) and Paulette Bedin (France)
6th Prize: not assigned

[edit] IX Edition - 1962

1st Prize: Maryvonne The Dizes (France)
2nd Prize: Etsuko Hirose (Japan)
3rd Prize: Liliane Caillon (France)
4th Prize: Marilyn Dubow (USA)
5th Prize: not assigned
6th Prize: not assigned

[edit] X Edition - 1963

1st Prize: Oleh Krysa (Ukraine)
2nd Prize: Valentin Zuk (USSR)
3rd Prize: Shizuko Ishii (Japan)
4th Prize: Paul Zukofsky (USA)
5th Prize: Diana Cummings (Great Britain)
6th Prize: Igor Politkovsky (USSR)

[edit] XI Edition - 1964

1st Prize: Jean-Jacques Kantorow (France)
2nd Prize æquo: Pierre Amoyal (France) and Yoko Koubo (Japan)
4th Prize æquo: Hisako Tokue (Japan) and Tomotada Soh (Japan)
6th Prize: Antoine Goulard (France)

[edit] XII Edition - 1965

1st Prize: Viktor Pikaizen (USSR)
2nd Prize: Philip Hirsshorn (USSR)
3rd Prize: Andrei Korsakov (USSR)
4th Prize: Yoko Kubo (Japan)
5th Prize æquo: Elisabeth Balmas (France), Joshua Epstein (Israel) and Jacques Israelievitch (France)

[edit] XIII Edition - 1966

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Robert Menga (USA)
3rd Prize: Isako Shinozaki (Japan)
4th Prize: not assigned
5th Prize æquo: Nicolai Marangosof (Bulgaria) and Kineko Okumura (Japan)

[edit] XIV Edition - 1967

1st Prize: Grigori Zhislin (USSR)
2nd Prize: Vladimir Spivakov (USSR)
3rd Prize: Patrice Fontanarosa (France)
4th Prize: Petar Delcev (Bulgaria)
5th Prize: Sergio Diacenko (USSR)
6th Prize: Mikhail Gantwarg (USSR)

[edit] XV Edition - 1968

1st Prize: Miriam Fried (Israel)
2nd Prize: Hamao Fujiwara (Japan)
3rd Prize: Gabriella Ijac (Romania)
4th Prize: Petar Delcev (Bulgaria)
5th Prize: Masako Yanagita (Japan)
6th Prize: Emmanuel Krivine (France)

[edit] XVI Edition - 1969

1st Prize: Gidon Kremer (USSR)
2nd Prize: Kathleen Lenski (USA)
3rd Prize: Joshua Epstein (Israel)
4th Prize: Isidora Schwarzberg (USSR)
5th Prize: Sergey Kravchenko (USSR)
6th Prize: Josef Rissin (USSR)
7th Prize: Adam Korniszewski (Poland)

[edit] XVII Edition - 1970

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Mintcho Mintchev (Bulgaria)
3rd Prize æquo: Thomas Goldschmidt Egel (Germany) and Michał Grabarczyk (Poland)
5th Prize: Adam Korniszewski (Poland)
6th Prize: Keiko Wataya (Japan)

[edit] XVIII Edition - 1971

1st Prize: Mose Sekler (USSR)
2nd Prize: Bogodar Kotorovych (Ukraine)
3rd Prize: Roswitha Randacher (Austria)
4th Prize: Tadeusz Gadzina (Poland)
5th Prize: Elvira Nakipbecova (USSR)
6th Prize: Maria Balint (Hungary)

[edit] XIX Edition - 1972

1st Prize: Eugene Fodor (USA)
2nd Prize: Yoko Sato (Japan)
3rd Prize: Gerald Ribeiro (Portugal)
4th Prize: Georgi Tilev (Bulgaria)
5th Prize: Teresa Glabowna (Poland)
6th Prize: not assigned

[edit] XX Edition - 1973

1st Prize: Alexander Kramarov (USSR)
2nd Prize: Yuval Yaron (Israel)
3rd Prize: Vania Milanova (Bulgaria)
4th Prize: Sungil Lee (Korea)
5th Prize æquo: Giuliano Carmignola (Italy) and Stefan Stalanowski (Poland)

[edit] XXI Edition - 1974

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize æquo: Lynn Chang (USA) and Eugen Sârbu (Romania)
4th Prize: Rasma Lielmane (Mexico)
5th Prize: Josif Rissin (Israel)
6th Prize: Jean-Claude Velin (France)
7th Prize: Marie-France Pouillot (France)

[edit] XXII Edition - 1975

1st Prize: Yuri Korchinski (USSR)
2nd Prize: Petru Csaba (Romania)
3rd Prize: not assigned
4th Prize: not assigned
5th Prize: not assigned
6th Prize æquo: Mark Fornaciari (Italy) and Anna Aleksandra Wodka (Poland)

[edit] XXIII Edition - 1976

1st Prize: Lenuţa Ciulei (Romania)
2nd Prize: Karen Eley (USA)
3rd Prize: Vladimir Nemţeanu (Romania)
4th Prize: Fudeco Takahashi (Japan)
5th Prize: Joanna Madroszkiewicz (Poland)
6th Prize: not assigned

[edit] XXIV Edition - 1977

1st Prize: Ilya Grubert (USSR)
2nd Prize: Sachiko Nakajima (Japan)
3rd Prize: Yumi Mohri (Japan)
4th Prize: Edward Zienkowski (Poland)
5th Prize: Alexei Tawny (USSR)
6th Prize: Ola Rudner (Sweden)

[edit] XXV Edition - 1978

1st Prize: Eugen Sârbu (Romania)
2nd Prize æquo: Karen Eley (USA) and Piotr Milewski (Poland)
4th Prize: Takashi Shimitzu (Japan)
5th Prize: Berthilde Dufour (France)
6th Prize: Daniel Stabrawa (Poland)

[edit] XXVI Edition - 1979

1st Prize: Florin Paul (Romania)
2nd Prize: Yuriko Naganuma (Japan)
3rd Prize: Alexis Galperine (France)
4th Prize: Mariko Senju (Japan)
5th Prize: Rodolfo Bonucci (Italy)
6th Prize: not assigned

[edit] XXVII Edition - 1980

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Niculae Tudor (Romania)
3rd Prize: Sonig Tchakerian (Syria)
4th Prize: Eduard Wulfson (Latvia)
5th Prize: Mitsuko Ishii (Japan)
6th Prize æquo: Daniel Stabrawa (Poland) and Walter Bertrand (France)

[edit] XXVIII Edition - 1981

1st Prize: Ilja Kaler (USSR)
2nd Prize: Leonid Sorokov (USSR)
3rd Prize: Frank Almond (USA)
4th Prize: Kuniko Nagata (Japan)
5th Prize: Mircea Călin http://www.mirceacalin.com (Romania)
6th Prize: Francine Trachier (France)

[edit] XXIX Edition - 1982

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize æquo: Alexander Markov (USA) and Boris Garlitsky (USSR)
3rd Prize: Sonoko Numata (Japan)
4th Prize æquo: Philippe Djokic (Canada), Maxim Fedotov (USSR) and Hiroko Suzuki (Japan)

[edit] XXX Edition - 1983

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Laurent Korcia (France)
3rd Prize: Sung-Sic Yang (Korea)
4th Prize: Reiko Watanabe (Japan)
5th Prize: Boris Schmitz (Germany)
6th Prize æquo: Soo-Ik Lee (Korea) and Kazimierz Olechowski (Poland)

[edit] XXXI Edition - 1984

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Vadim Brodski (USSR)
3rd Prize: Reiko Watanabe (Japan)
4th Prize: Elisa Kawaguti (Japan)
5th Prize: Stéphane Tran Ngoc (France)
6th Prize: not assigned

[edit] XXXII Edition - 1985

1st Prize: Dmitri Berlinski (USSR)
2nd Prize: Mark Moghilevski (USSR)
3rd Prize: Gabriel Croitoru (Romania)
4th Prize æquo: Anguelina Abadjieva (Bulgaria) and Anton Kolodenko (USSR)
6th Prize: Thomas Böttcher (East Germany)

[edit] XXXIII Edition - 1986

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Reiko Watanabe (Japan)
3rd Prize: Yuri Braginski (Belgium)
4th Prize: Andreas Krecher (Germany)
5th Prize: Akiko Ueda (Japan)
6th Prize: Jeanne-Marie Conquer (France)

[edit] XXXIV Edition - 1987

1st Prize: Lu Szu Ching (China)
2nd Prize: Pavel Berman (USSR)
3rd Prize: Alexei Koshvanets (USSR)
4th Prize æquo: Adam Taubic (Poland) and From Bologna Vincenzo (Italy)
6th Prize: Viktor Kuznetsov (USSR)

[edit] XXXV Edition - 1988

1st Prize: Leonidas Kavakos (Greece)
2nd Prize: Akiko Suwanai (Japan)
3rd Prize: Eijin Nimura (Japan)
4th Prize: Gabriele Pieranunzi (Italy)
5th Prize: Pavel Pekarski (USA)
6th Prize: Ara Malikian (Lebanon)

[edit] XXXVI Edition - 1989

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Vasko Vassilev (Bulgaria)
3rd Prize: Oleg Pokhanovski (USSR)
4th Prize: Anastasia Chebotarova (USSR)
5th Prize: Tomoko Kawada (Japan)
6th Prize æquo: Ilja Sekler (USSR) and Eijin Nimura (Japan)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Luca Fanfoni (Italy)

[edit] XXXVII Edition - 1990

1st Prize: Natalia Prischepenko (USSR)
2nd Prize: Chin Kim (USA)
3rd Prize: Gabriele Pieranunzi (Italy)
4th Prize: Graf Mourja (USSR)
5th Prize: Roberto Cani (Italy)
6th Prize: Alexander Trostianski (USSR)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Gabriele Pieranunzi

[edit] XXXVIII Edition - 1991

1st Prize: Massimo Quarta (Italy)
2nd Prize: Florin Croitoru (Romania)
3rd Prize æquo: Nicolas Gourbeix (France) and Misha Keylin (USA)
5th Prize: Yumi Makita (Japan)
6th Prize: Ko-Woon Yang (Korea)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Massimo Quarta

[edit] XXXIX Edition - 1992

1st Prize: Julia Krasko (Russia)
2nd Prize: Michiko Kamiya (Japan)
3rd Prize: Eijin Nimura (Japan)
4th Prize æquo: Giovanni Angeleri (Italy) and Karen Lee (USA)
5th Prize: Ara Malikian (Armenia)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Giovanni Angeleri

[edit] XL Edition - 1993

1st Prize: Isabelle Faust (Germany)
2nd Prize: Stefan Milenkovic (Serbia)
3rd Prize: Yuka Eguchi (Japan)
4th Prize: Florin Ionescu-Galaţi (Romania)
5th Prize: Eijin Nimura (Japan)
6th Prize: Giovanni Angeleri (Italy)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Giovanni Angeleri
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Rachel Barton (USA)

[edit] XLI Edition - 1994

1st Prize: Bin Huang (China)
2nd Prize: Eijin Nimura (Japan)
3rd Prize: Dmitri Makhtine (Russia)
4th Prize: Stefan Milenković (Serbia)
5th Prize: Giovanni Angeleri (Italy)
6th Prize: Giacobbe Stevanato (Italy)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Giovanni Angeleri
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Bin Huang
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Aki Sunahara (Japan) Giordan Nikolitch (Slovenia)

[edit] XLII Edition - 1995

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Alexandru Tomescu (Romania)
3rd Prize: Oleg Pokhanovski (Russia)
4th Prize: Leor Maltinski (Israel)
5th Prize: Stefan Schramm (Germany)
6th Prize: Antonello Manacorda (Italy)
Special prize of the Giuria: Anastasia Khitruk (USA)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Leor Maltinski
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: not assigned
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Stefan Schramm

[edit] XLIII Edition - 1996

1st Prize: Soovin Kim (USA)
2nd Prize: Andrew Haveron (Great Britain)
3rd Prize: Ju-Young Baek (Korea)
4th Prize: Sergei Levitin (Russia)
5th Prize: Florin Croitoru (Romania)
6th Prize: Jasmine Lin (USA)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Soovin Kim
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Sergei Levitin
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Andrew Haveron

[edit] XLIV Edition - 1997

1st Prize: Giovanni Angeleri (Italy)
2nd Prize: Rodion Petrov (Russia)
3rd Prize: Judith Ingolfsson (Iceland)
4th Prize: Kyoko Yonemoto (Japan)
5th Prize: Hanako Uesato (Japan)
6th Prize: Maki Nagata (Japan)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Kyoko Yonemoto
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Rodion Petrov
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Laura Andriani (Italy)

[edit] XLV Edition - 1998

1st Prize: Ilya Gringolts (Russia)
2nd Prize: Baiba Skride (Latvia)
3rd Prize: Takako Yamasaki (Japan)
4th Prize: Michael Vitenson (Israel)
5th Prize: Anton Polezhayev (USA)
6th Prize: Maki Itoi (Japan)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Ilya Gringolts
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Maciko Shimada (Japan)
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Ilya Gringolts

[edit] XLVI Edition - 1999

1st Prize: Sayaka Shoji (Japan)
2nd Prize: Frank Huang (China)
3rd Prize: Akiko Ono (Japan)
4th Prize: Weiyi Wang (China)
5th Prize: Emil Chudnovsky (USA)
6th Prize: Gabriel Adorjan (Denmark)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Sayaka Shoji
Prize to the memory of the M.o Mario Ruminelli: Sayaka Shoji
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Francisco Manara (Italy)

[edit] XLVII Edition - 2000

1st Prize: Natalia Lomeiko (New Zelanda/Russia)
2nd Prize: Sayako Kusaka (Japan)
3rd Prize æquo: Karin Ato (Japan) and Vadim Tchijik (Russia)
5th Prize: Sophie Moser (Germany)
6th Prize: Myroslava Ivanchenko (Ukraine)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Sophie Moser
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Sayako Kusaka
Prize to the memory of the M.o Mario Ruminelli: Natalia Lomeiko
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Vadim Tchijik

[edit] XLVIII Edition - 2001

1st Prize: Mariusz Patyra (Poland)
2nd Prize: Minjae Kim (South Korea)
3rd Prize: Tanja Becker-Bender (Germany)
4th Prize: Jack Liebeck (Great Britain)
5th Prize: A-Rah Shin (South Korea)
6th Prize: Gyula Vadàszi (Hungary)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: A-Rah Shin
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Mariusz Patyra
Prize to the memory of the M.o Mario Ruminelli: Mariusz Patyra
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Tanja Becker-Bender

[edit] IL Edition - 2002

1st Prize: Mengla Huang (China)
2nd Prize: Maxim Brylinski (Ukraine)
3rd Prize: Daniel Roehn (Germany-Sweden)
4th Prize æquo: Emil Chudnovski (USA) and Giulio Plotino (Italy)
6th Prize: Kyoko Une (Japan)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Maxim Brylinski
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Mengla Huang
Prize to the memory of the M.o Mario Ruminelli: Mengla Huang
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Alexis Cardenas (Venezuela)

[edit] L Edition - 2004

1st Prize: not assigned
2nd Prize: Yuki Manuela Janke (Germania/Japan)
3rd Prize: Hyun On Shin (Korea of the South)
4th Prize: Dalibor Karvay (Slovakia)
5th Prize: Bracha Malkin (USA/Israele)
6th Prize: Diego Tosi (France)
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Alicia N Evans
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Alicia N Evans
Prize to the memory of the M.o Mario Ruminelli: Yuki Manuela Janke
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Yuki Manuela Janke

[edit] LI Edition - 2006

1st Prize: Feng Ning (China)
2nd Prize: Yura Lee (South Korea)
3rd Prize: Rika Masato (Japan)
4th Prize: Hyun Joo Choo (South Korea)
5th Prize: Bo-Kyung Lee (South Korea)
6th Prize: Sergey Malov (Russia)
Prize to the memory of Dr. Enrico Coast: Hyun Joo Choo
Prize to the memory of the M.o Renato De Barbers: Feng Ning
Prize to the memory of the M.o Mario Ruminelli: Sergey Malov
New Prize Association Friends Happy Carl: Feng Ning

[edit] See also

[edit] Sources