Pērkonkrusts

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This article is about the Latvian fascist political movement. For the folkloric symbol, see swastika.

Pērkonkrusts (Thunder Cross in Latvian), was a Latvian political party founded in the 1930s. This group adapted fascist ideology to the situation in independent Latvia after 1918. It was the largest and longest-lived organisation of its kind in Latvia. The movement's leader was Gustavs Celmiņš.

Contents

[edit] Principles and ideology

Pērkonkrusts: What Is It? What Does It Want? How Does It Work? — party propaganda publication from 1933.
Pērkonkrusts: What Is It? What Does It Want? How Does It Work? — party propaganda publication from 1933.

Pērkonkrusts has been variously categorised by scholars as representing the radical right,[1] "activist nationalism" (Latvian: aktīvais nacionālisms),[2] or fascism, with the latter term being the most commonly encountered in the scholarly literature.[3][4][5] Roger Griffin, a prominent fascist studies scholar, describes Pērkonkrusts in the 1930s as having been a "small but geniune fascist opposition" which "pursued a revolutionary solution to the [economic] crisis and which would turn Latvia into an authoritarian state based on a new élite with a new corporatist economy", with its politics defined by "integralist nationalism".[4]

Aside from the party's newspaper, Pērkonkrusts (1933–34), the main source of information on the political platform of Pērkonkrusts can be found in the 1933 brochure, Pērkonkrusts: What Is It? What Does It Want? How Does It Work? (Latvian: Kas ir? Ko grib? Kā darbojas? Pērkonkrusts). This publication not only outlined the movement's political programme, but also included the complete party statutes.

With its slogan "Latvia for Latvians — Work and bread for Latvians!" (Latvian: Latviju latviešiem — latviešiem darbu un maizi!), Pērkonkrusts wished to place all political and economic control of their country exclusively in the hands of ethnic Latvians. As a result, the party rejected the existing legislation that gave national minorities cultural autonomy. Pērkonkrusts aimed its propaganda against minorities who supposedly had taken over the Latvian economy (i.e. Baltic Germans, Jews) and the contemporary parliamentary politicians, whom it accused of corruption.

“ In a Latvian Latvia the question of minorities will not exist. ... This means that once and for all we renounce unreservedly bourgeois-liberal prejudice on the national question, we renounce historical, humanistic, or other constraints in pursuit of our one true aim—the good of the Latvian nation. Our God, our belief, our life's meaning, our goal is the Latvian nation: whoever is against its welfare is our enemy. ...
We assume that the only place in the world where Latvians can settle is Latvia. Other peoples have their own countries. ...
In one word—in a Latvian Latvia there will only be Latvians.		 ”

—Gustavs Celmiņš, "A Latvian Latvia"[6]

Pērkonkrusts rejected Christianity as a foreign influence and suggested instead adopting Dievturība, which was an attempt to revive an assumed pre-Christian Latvian religion.[7]

Despite its rural ideals, Pērkonkrusts gained most of its support in the urban areas like Riga, more specifically among students at the University of Latvia.

[edit] Party symbols

"Thunder Cross" is one of the names for the swastika in Latvian, which was used as a symbol of the organization.

The group used a variation of the Roman or Hitler salute, and greeted with the Latvian phrase "Cīņai sveiks" ("Ready for battle"[5] or "Hail the struggle").

Although the party used both the swastika and the Roman salute, it was neither affiliated with, nor a copycat of German Nazism—as was the case with the United Latvian National Socialist Party (Latvian: Apvienotā Latvijas nacionālsocialistu partija) headed by Jānis Štelmachers.[2]

The uniform of Pērkonkrusts was a grey shirt and black beret.

[edit] Development before World War II

The fascist group Ugunskrusts (Fire Cross),[8] also a term for swastika in Latvian, was founded in Latvia in 1932 by Gustavs Celmiņš, but was soon outlawed by the government of Latvia. The former Ugunskrusts organisation reemerged immediately under the new name of Pērkonkrusts. By 1934, Pērkonkrusts is estimated to have had between 5,000 and 6,000 members, although the organization maintained that it had more.

Kārlis Ulmanis, leader of the conservative nationalist Peasants' Union Party and then Prime Minister of Latvia, proposed constitutional reforms in October 1933, which socialists feared would target the left more than the right. In November of the same year, seven communist deputies were arrested, while Pērkonkrusts officials were left alone. Because of political unrest, stemming partially from the growing power of the right, Ulmanis staged a bloodless coup d'état in May 1934, banning not only the Communist Party and Pērkonkrusts, but all parties and the Saeima (Parliament). Following the coup, Pērkonkrusts leader Celmiņš was imprisoned for three years and then banished from Latvia.

Although Pērkonkrusts did not exist officially after 1934, many former leaders and members acted with a degree of unity in subsequent years.

In the late 1930s, Celmiņš set up a 'foreign liaison office' of Pērkonkrusts in Helsinki, Finland. During his peripatetic exile, Celmiņš had established personal contacts with the representatives of other fascist groupings in Europe, most notably Romania's Corneliu Codreanu.[1]

[edit] During World War II and the Holocaust

Not long after the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact in 1939, Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union. Whereas the Soviet regime released the Communists imprisoned by Ulmanis with great ceremony, political prisoners from Pērkonkrusts were not freed. Instead, more members of Pērkonkrusts were arrested by the Soviet authorities during 1940–1941, some of them being deported to Siberia.[9]

Call for Pērkonkrusts members to join the Arajs Commando, published in the German-controlled newspaper Tēvija on 4 July 1941.
Call for Pērkonkrusts members to join the Arajs Commando, published in the German-controlled newspaper Tēvija on 4 July 1941.

When the Germans invaded Latvia in late June 1941, Celmiņš, who had moved to Germany following Latvia's occupation in 1940, returned to Latvia as a Sonderführer (special officer) in the service of the German Wehrmacht.[10]

In early July, Pērkonkrusts was briefly permitted to operate openly again. Former Pērkonkrusts members were actively sought by the German authorities as volunteers for the Arajs Commando. According to research by historian Rudīte Vīksne, however, it remains unclear as to how many members of Pērkonkrusts actually ended up joining this killing squad that played a key role in the Holocaust in Latvia.[11]

During the early phases of the Holocaust in Latvia, Pērkonkrusts member Mārtiņš Vagulāns led a killing squad attached to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in the town of Jelgava.[10]

The German authorities decisively banned the organization for good in August 1941. Some former Pērkonkrusts members collaborated with the Germans, while others maintained an anti-German sentiment and joined those groups subversively opposed to German occupation.[10]

Celmiņš continued his outward collaboration with the Germans in the hopes that sizable Latvian military formations would be created. From February 1942, he headed the Committee for Organising Latvian Volunteers (Latvian: Latviešu brīvprātīgo organizācijas komiteja), the main function of which was the recruitment of Latvian men for the Latvian Auxiliary Police Battalions, known in German as Schutzmannschaften or simply Schuma.[12][13] Aside from front-line combat duties, these battalions also participated in so-called anti-partisan operations Latvia and Belarus that included the massacres of rural Jews and other civilians.[14]

Pērkonkrusts members working within the SD apparatus in occupied Latvia would feed Celmiņš information, some of which he would include in his underground, anti-German publication Brīvā Latvija. This eventually led to Celmiņš and his associates being arrested, with Celmiņš ending up imprisoned in Flossenbürg concentration camp.[15]

[edit] In Latvia today

A self-proclaimed successor group to Pērkonkrusts emerged in the 1990s as an organization whose stated goal was the overthrow of the current unsatisfactory government and the establishment of a "Latvian Latvia".[16] Its members tried three times to bomb the Monument to the Liberators of Riga from the German and Fascist Invaders. In one of the most serious incidents, two of the members were killed in the explosion.[17] In 2000, most of the leaders of the current Pērkonkrusts were arrested and tried. The group ceased organised activities thereafter.

In recent years, Igors Šiškins has tried to re-activate Pērkonkrusts again. He has claimed to represent Pērkonkrusts at various events, such as the marking of Latvian Legion Day[18] and Soviet Victory Day (9 May) in Riga. On 9 May 2007, Šiškins was arrested for wearing forbidden symbols in public.[19]

In its relations with Latvia, the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation at times brings up the history of the Pērkonkrusts movement as evidence of present-day Latvia's "fascist" heritage.[20]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Kasekamp, Andres (2000). The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. Basingstoke, Hants.; New York: Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0333732499. OCLC 42290323. 
  2. ^ a b Krēsliņš, Uldis (2005). Aktīvais nacionālisms Latvijā 1922–1934 (in Latvian). Riga: Latvijas Vēstures institūta apgāds. ISBN 9984601218. OCLC 63207095. 
  3. ^ Ugelvik Larsen, Stein; Hagtvet, Bernt & Myklebust, Jan Petter (eds.) (1980). Who Were the Fascists?: Social Roots of European Fascism. Bergen &c.: Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 8200053318. OCLC 8200053318. 
  4. ^ a b Griffin, Roger (ed.) (1995). Fascism, Oxford Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 217. ISBN 0192892495. OCLC 31606309. 
  5. ^ a b Lazda, Mara I. (2003). "Latvia", in Kevin Passmore: Women, Gender and Fascism in Europe 1919–1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813533082. OCLC 52359136. 
  6. ^ Celmiņš, Gustavs [1933-09-17] (1995). "A Latvian Latvia", in Roger Griffin (ed.): Fascism, Oxford Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 218. ISBN 0192892495. OCLC 31606309. 
  7. ^ Misāne, Agita (2005). "Dievturība Latvijas reliģisko un politisko ideju vēsturē" (in Latvian). Reliģiski-filozofiski raksti X: 101–17. 
  8. ^ Cf. Croix-de-Feu in France.
  9. ^ Paeglis, Armands (2005). Pērkonkrusts pār Latviju: 1932–1944 (in Latvian). Riga: Klubs 415. ISBN 9984940543. OCLC 62894045. 
  10. ^ a b c Lumans, Valdis O. (2006). Latvia in World War II, World War II—The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension 11. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 9780823226276. OCLC 64595899. 
  11. ^ Vīksne, Rudīte (2005). "Members of the Arājs Commando in Soviet Court Files: Social Position, Education, Reasons for Volunteering, Penalty", in Valters Nollendorfs & Erwin Oberländer (eds.): The Hidden and Forbidden History of Latvia under Soviet and Nazi Occupations 1940–1991: Selected Research of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia (PDF), Symposium of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia 14, Riga: Institute of the History of Latvia, pp. 188–206. ISBN 9984601927. OCLC 60334164. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 
  12. ^ Bassler, Gerhard P. (2000). Alfred Valdmanis and the Politics of Survival. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802044131. OCLC 41347251. 
  13. ^ Silgailis, Arturs (2001). Latviešu leģions: Dibināšana, formēšana un kauju gaitas Otrā pasaules karā (in Latvian). Riga: Junda. ISBN 998401035X. OCLC 48959631. 
  14. ^ Westermann, Edward B. (2005). Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700613714. OCLC 56982341. 
  15. ^ Felder, Björn M. (2003). "'Die Spreu vom Weizen Trennen ...': Die Lettische Kartei—Pērkonkrusts im SD Lettland 1941–1943" (in German). Latvijas Okupācijas Muzeja Gadagrāmata 2003: 47–66. ISSN 1407-6330. 
  16. ^ Muižnieks, Nils (2002-06-11). Extremism in Latvia. POLITIKA.LV. Retrieved on 2008-06-03.
  17. ^ Latvia. AXT (1998). Retrieved on 2008-06-03.
  18. ^ "Leģionāru piemiņas pasākums noritējis bez starpgadījumiem", www.DELFI.lv, 2008-03-16. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. (Latvian) 
  19. ^ May 2007 Latvia Crime Report. Overseas Security Advisory Council (2007-07-02). Retrieved on 2008-06-03.
  20. ^ Russian Federation, Permanent Mission to the UN. Involvement of the Lettish SS Legion in War Crimes in 1941–1945 and the Attempts to Revise the Verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal in Latvia. www.un.int. Retrieved on 2005-12-02.

[edit] Further reading

  • Crampton, Richard J. (1997). Eastern Europe and the Twentieth Century—and After, 2nd ed., London: Routledge. ISBN 0415164222. OCLC 36245948. 
  • Plakans, Andrejs (1997), “Pērkonkrusts (Engl. Thundercross)”, in Plakans, Andrejs, Historical Dictionary of Latvia, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0810832925, OCLC 36024002 
  • Rauch, Georg von (1974). The Baltic States: The Years of Independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, 1917–1940. London: C. Hurst. OCLC 1974468. 

[edit] External links