Over-the-Rhine
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| Over-the-Rhine Historic District | |
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| (U.S. Registered Historic District) | |
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| Location: | Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Area: | 3625 acres |
| Architectural style(s): | Greek Revival and Late Victorian[1] |
| Added to NRHP: | May 17, 1983[1] |
| NRHP Reference#: | 83001985[1] |
| Governing body: | Local, Private and State[1] |
Over-the-Rhine is a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, which is situated between Downtown and Clifton Heights. Over-the-Rhine is a historic district, treasured for its massive collection of 19th century Italianate structures, that was listed in the National Register on May 17, 1983. It contains 943 contributing buildings.
The area's name comes from its builders and early residents, German immigrants, many of whom made a daily trek across bridges over the Miami and Erie Canal which separated the area from downtown Cincinnati. In homage to the Old Country, they called their neighborhood "Over-the-Rhine", imagining the canal to be the Rhine in Germany.
Historically, there were many people in Over-the-Rhine who spoke German, read German newspapers, ate German food, and constructed German-style houses. The neighborhood has changed considerably, in terms of demographics, economics, and architecture, but elements of the old style remain. For example, the German Baptist Church, Philippus United Church of Christ, Trinity Methodist Church, Salem United Church of Christ and many other neighborhood churches have inscriptions in German and Latin. Another church of historical interest is the area is Old St. Mary's Catholic Church, the oldest standing church building in Cincinnati. The church has artifacts on display, and still holds Mass in German and Latin every Sunday. Also of note is the historic St. Paul Church (Over the Rhine), which is now the home of The Verdin Company. The Cincinnati Volksfreund was a daily and weekly German language newspaper based in Cincinnati, published between 1850 and 1908.
Today, Central Parkway, a major thoroughfare located in the area formerly occupied by the Miami and Erie Canal, separates Over-the-Rhine from Downtown. By 1906, the canal had fallen into disuse due to competition from railroads, and parts of the right-of-way were purchased for use by the Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad. An electric streetcar line ran along part of the route to connect Cincinnati with Columbus and Toledo, but other parts of the canal remained stagnant pits of dirty water. In 1920, the Cincinnati Subway began construction in the former canal, but it was abandoned by 1928 (several tunnels and stations remain in good condition to this day). That year Central Parkway opened on top of the abandoned subway's right-of-way.
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[edit] History
During the 19th century, Over-the-Rhine was one of the most densely populated neighborhoods in the Midwest, if not the most densely populated. As the center of German life in Cincinnati, there were more than 50 breweries in the neighborhood alone. At the turn of the 20th century, the population of the district reached 45,000.
During the later 19th and early 20th centuries, German-Americans began abandoning their ethnic enclave, amid a more general trend of slowing European immigration. The increasingly affluent Germans who had already immigrated began moving into more ethnically-neutral, though still predominantly white, neighborhoods further from downtown. This period saw a steady decrease in overall population of the neighborhood as its (previously immigrant) population became more wealthy and moved to more affluent neighborhoods. At the same time, migrants from the South and Appalachia were drawn to Cincinnati by industrial employment, and began settling in the neighborhood. Over-the-Rhine was reconfigured as a working class neighborhood of day laborers. African-Americans fleeing the economic and social climate of the antebellum South became especially prevalent within the neighborhood. By the early twentieth century, the German ethnic population was no longer the major demographic of Over-the-Rhine.
The population of Over-the-Rhine continuously declined through the century:
- 1900: 44,475
- 1960: 30,000
- 1970: 15,025
- 1980: 11,914
- 1990: 9,572
- 2000: 7,500
Working class whites left the neighborhood once these industries ceased operation. Cincinnati was once the machine tool capital of the world, and it shares the experience of White flight following deindustrialization. Today, Over-the-Rhine has a vibrant African-American community, despite problems with violent crime and poverty. The open air drug trade that had plagued the neighborhood for many years has been eradicated in Over-the-Rhine due in part to the controversial "vortex unit" of the Cincinnati Police force.
Gentrification and adaptive reuse have brought new faces to Over-the-Rhine in recent years. Attracted by its large collection of historic rowhouses, Italianate architecture, and the sense of community that comes with "stoop sitting" culture, artists and others weary of traditional neighborhoods began a transformation in sections of the neighborhood that today makes Over-the-Rhine Cincinnati's most creative, culturally and economically diverse neighborhood.
[edit] 2001 riots
On April 7, 2001, Cincinnati police officer Steven Roach shot Timothy Thomas, an unarmed 19-year-old African-American wanted on fourteen outstanding warrants, who, the officer claimed, appeared to be pulling out a weapon while running from police in Over-the-Rhine. the claim that Timothy Thomas appeared to be pulling out a weapon has been discredited, as many witnesses saw the young man with his arms in the air.[2] Community members angry about Thomas' death — the fifteenth time a black man had been killed by police in six years[3] — rioted for three days before the city was able to contain the confusion.
[edit] Revitalization Efforts
Recent attempts have been made to revitalize Over-the-rhine, starting with 12th and Vine Streets immediately outside of downtown. The redevelopment project, called the Gateway Quarter, has been largely successful in its attempts to attract empty-nesters and young professionals into the neighborhood.[4]
A new building is under construction for the School for Creative and Performing Arts. Upon its completion, the $80 million facility will be the only K-12 arts school in the United States.[5]
A streetcar line is planned to run through the downtown and Over-the-Rhine. Based on the Portland, Oregon model, it is wishfully anticipated that this streetcar line will generate billions of dollars in new development in the neighborhood despite serving a limited geographic and demographic area.[6]
[edit] Attractions
- Washington Park, one of the largest parks in the city, originally established as a burial ground for several small churches.
- Cincinnati Music Hall, located in front of Washington Park, which hosts the Cincinnati Opera, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, and the Cincinnati May Festival Chorus.
- Findlay Market, the home for dozens of food stalls. During the winter, Findlay Market is also the site of special events and a farmers' market.[7] It is the oldest such market in the state.
- Know Theatre of Cincinnati a theatre that produces cultural and contemporary theatre
[edit] Demographics
There are between 400 and 500 abandoned buildings in Over-the-Rhine.[citation needed] Its current population is just 7,638 people in an area of 0.64 square miles. It has an owner-occupancy rate of just 2.7%.[citation needed]
As of the census[8] of 2000, the racial makeup of Over-the-Rhine was 19.4% Caucasian, 76.9% African American, and less than 4% of other races. 0.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
[edit] Community organizations
In April 2006, the low income housing organizations ReSTOC and the Over-the-Rhine Housing Network, merged to create Over-the-Rhine Community Housing. This organization works to develop affordable housing in the neighborhood. The neighborhood is also home to the Drop Inn Center, a homeless shelter which offers chemical dependency treatment.[9]
[edit] Historic churches
- German Baptist Church Walnut and Liberty Streets
- Old St. Mary's Church 123 E. Thirteenth Street
- Philippus United Church of Christ West Mcmicken and Ohio Avenues
- St. John the Baptist Church Green and Bremen Streets
- Saint Francis Seraph Church Vine and Liberty Streets
- St. Paul Church East 12th and Spring Streets
- Salem United Church of Christ 1425 Sycamore Street
- Nast Trinity Methodist Church 1310 Race Street
- Wesley Chapel 76 E. McMicken Avenue
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service (2007-06-30).
- ^ Text of Judge Winkler Verdict Cincinnati Enquirer, 2001-09-27. Accessed 2007-05-27.
- ^ Stories of 15 black men killed by police since 1995 Cincinnati Enquirer, 2001-04-15. Accessed 2007-05-27
- ^ THE GATEWAY QUARTER , Urban Loft Condos in Downtown Cincinnati
- ^ The New SCPA
- ^ The Enquirer - This article is no longer available
- ^ Findlay Market-Historic renovated Cincinnati Public Market and Farmers Market Corporation for Findlay Market, 2007. Accessed 27 May 2007.
- ^ American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
- ^ Over the Rhine Community Housing — About Over-the-Rhine Community Housing. Accessed 27 May 2007.
[edit] External links
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