Origin of Jat people

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Main article: Jat people

Nothing certain is known about the origin of Jat people[1], but there is a general consensus amongst some scholars.[2] There are several theories on the topic.[3] Some scholars, including Sir Alexander Cunningham, Prof. B.S. Dhillon, Arthur Edward Barstow, James Tod, Prof. Pettigrew, Prof. P.S. Gill, Prof. Williams, H.A Rose & Sir Elliot and Bhim Singh Dahiya, believe that the Jats are Indo-Scythians from Central Asia.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Other scholars, including E. B. Havell, KR Qanungo, Sir Herbert Risley, C.V.Vaidya and Thakur Deshraj, advocate a native Indo-Aryan lineage on the basis of ethnological, physical and linguistic standards.[19][20][21][22][23][24] Finally, with the development of DNA analysis and recent genectic studies are revealing important DNA ancestral information.[25]

Contents

[edit] Indo-Scythian origin

Saka (Scythian) horseman from Pazyryk in Central Asia, c. 300 BC.
Saka (Scythian) horseman from Pazyryk in Central Asia, c. 300 BC.
Map of area around the Oxus River valley (modern name Amu Darya)
Map of area around the Oxus River valley (modern name Amu Darya)

Professor B.S Dhillon states that Jat people are mainly of Indo-Scythian lineage with composite mixing of Sarmatians, Goths & Jutes in History and study of the Jats.[26] Historian James Tod agreed in considering the Jat people to be of Indo-Scythian Stock.[27] Moreover, Alexander Cunningham considered the Jat people to be of Indo-Scythian stock. He thought that the Manhábari (perhaps = Mer, Med, Mand, Mind) and the Saminagar (perhaps = Sammâ) tribes were Indo-Scythians. He says "their name is found in Northern India from the beginning of the Christian era." These people were apparently considered by some of the early Muslim writers to have descended from Med and Zat, "two descendants of Ham, the son of Noah", and to be "the progenitors of the people of Sindh prior to the Mahâbhârata." Cunningham believes they "were in full possession of the valley of the Indus towards the end of the seventh century. We hear of no Semitic origins in India before the advent of Islam. Thus is the traditional approach of many Muslims to Semitize Hindu India. "[28] Sir Alexander Cunningham held that the Rajputs belonged to the original Scythian stock, and the Jats to a late wave of immigrants from the north west, probably of Scythian race.[28]

“ The Xanthii (a Scythian tribe) are very probably the Zaths (Jats) of the early Arab writers. As the Zaths were in Sindh to the west of the Indus, this location agrees very well with what we know of the settlement of the Sakas (Scythians) on the Indian frontier.[29] ”
“ Greeks of Bactria (partly modern Afghanistan), expelled by the hordes of Scythians, entered India in the second and first centuries BC and are said to have penetrated as far as Orissa (an Indian province in south-east). Meanwhile the Medii, Xanthii, Jatii, Getae and other Scythian races, were gradually working their way from the banks of the Oxus (River valley in Central Asia) into Southern Afghanistan and the pastoral highland about Quetta (a Pakistani city), whence they forced their way by the Bolan Pass, through the Sulaiman Mountains into India, settling in the Punjab about the beginning of the first century AD. It is from these Scythian immigrants that most of the Jat tribes are at any rate partly descended.[30] ”
  • A.H. Bingley wrote:
“ It is from these Scythian Immigrants that most of the Jat tribes are at any rate partly descended.[31] ”
  • Professor J. Pettigrew wrote:
“ Another view holds that the Jats came from Asia Minor and Armenia in the successive invasions during the period 600 B.C. to A.D. 600.[32] ”
  • Professor H.S. Williams wrote:
“ The extent of the Scythian invasion has been variously estimated. Some scholars believe that they virtually supplanted the previous population of India (means Punjab), and there seems little doubt that by far the most numerous section of the Punjab population is of Scythian origin.[33] ”
  • Professor P.S. Gill wrote:
“ There is a general consensus of opinion that Jats, and with them Rajputs and Gujjars were foreigners who came from their original home, near the Oxus, Central Asia.[34] ”
  • H.A Rose wrote:
“ Many of the Jat tribes of the Punjab have customs which apparently point to non-Aryan origin. Suffice it to say that both Sir Alexander Cunningham and Colonel Tod agreed in considering the Jats to be of Indo-Scythian Stock. The former identified them with the Zanthi of Strabo (Greek Geographer of the ancient times) and the Jatii of Pliny (Roman writer) and Ptolemy (Another Greek Geographer of the ancient times); and held that they probably entered the Punjab from their home on the Oxus (in Central Asia) very shortly after the Meds or Mands (still exist as one of the Jat clans of the Punjab), who also were Indo-Scythians, and who moved into the Punjab about a century before Christ.[35] ”
  • Sir H.M. Elliot wrote:
“ These ignorant tribes (Jats) pointing to the remote Ghazni (Afghanistan) as their original seat, the very spot we know to have been occupied by the Yuechi, or, as Klaproth says, more correctly, Yuti, in the first centuries of our era, after the Sakas (a Scythian tribe) were repelled back from the frontiers of India, and left the country between India and Persia open for their occupation. The Jat tribes no doubt emigrated, not at all once, but at different times, and it is probable that those in the North-West are among the latest importations.[36] ”
  • I. Sara wrote:
“ Recent excavations in the Ukraine and Crimea. The finds points to the visible links of the Jat and Scythians.[37] ”
“ My conclusion, therefore, is, that the Jats may be of Scythian descent.[38] ”
  • U.S. Mahil wrote:
“ Jat were called Scythians; because they were the inhabitants of the ancient country of Scythia. The Jats who invaded the Punjab and conquered India up to Benares were called Indo-Scythians.[39] ”
  • J.F. Hewitt wrote:
“ Further evidence both of the early history and origin of the race of Jats, or Getae, is given by the customs and geographical position of another tribe of the same stock, called the Massagetae, or great (massa) Getae.[40] ”
  • Sir George MacMunn (Sir and Lt. General) wrote:
“ Alexander came to India in his capacity as the holder of the Persian throne. From his camp near Kabul (Afghanistan), the

Macedonian (Alexander) summoned those chiefs whom Skylax (Persian general) had conquered in the old time afore, to come and renew their homage to their ancient Persian overlord in the person of himself. Several obeyed his summons, others did not, and it has been surmised that those who did were later arrivals, of Jat or Scythian origin, outside the normal Aryan fold as later comers to India.[41]

 ”
  • S.M Latif wrote:
“ A considerable portion of the routed army of the Scythians settled in the Punjab, and a race of them, called Nomardy, inhabited the country on the west bank of the Indus (river). They are described as a nomadic tribe, living in wooden houses, after the old Scythian fashion, and settling where they found sufficient pasturage. A portion of these settlers, the descendants of Massagetae, were called Getes, from whom sprung the modern Jats.[42] ”
  • Sir Denzil Ibbetson wrote: " .... the original Rajput and the original Jat entered India at different times in its history. But if they do originally represent to separate waves of immigration, it is at least exceedingly probable, both from their almost identical physique and facial character and from the close communion which has always existed between them, that they belong to one and the same ethnic stock; and it is almost certain that the joint Jat Rajput stock contains not a few tribes of aboriginal descent, though it is probably in the main Aryo-Scythian."

[edit] Indo-Aryan origin

The Indo-Aryan origin of Jat people has been advocated on the basis of ethnological, physical and linguistic standards by many historians like E.B. Havell,[43] Qanungo,[44] C.V.Vaidya,[45] Sir Herbert Risley,[46] Thakur Deshraj,[47] Mangal Sen Jindal[48]etc.

[edit] Vedic Aryans

The word Aryan is derived from Arya, which meant "exalted" or "noble one" in the Indian and Persian languages.

Seventy percent of those living in modern Iran are native speakers of Iranian/Aryan dialects. India is referred to as Aryavarta, which means "Abode of the Aryans". Indo-Aryan speaking people form majority of the population of northern India. This is also the area inhabited by Jats as is clear by comparison of distribution of Jats areas with Aryavarta.

According to Professor Maheswari Prasad of Banaras Hindu University, Jats belong to the Proto-Vedic Aryan stock. As they were on the periphery of Madhyadesha,(the Central Country or region) the cradle of Vedic culture, they did not undergo the social transformation along the lines of varna( caste) system and Monarchial political organizations.

The power of decision-making remained with democratically elected councils composed of clan elders and clan representatives. [49]

[edit] Aryavarta

Aryavarta (Sanskrit: "Abode of the noble or excellent ones (see arya)" or "Abode of the Aryans") is the ancient name for northern and central India. It would be erroneous to give this name to the whole of India, since the borders of Aryavarta have been described differently in sources from different times. The Jats have their origin in India and more than 8 million Jats live in the state of Haryana.[citation needed]

[edit] Elaboration of theories

Some theories are elaborated on below:

Dr Natthan Singh writes that Jats were the pure Aryans and their original homeland was Sapta Sindhu the area of the Indus Valley and Punjab.

On the basis of analysis of the epic of Mahabharata, the Jats are reported to be present in India from 3102 BC. [50] [51]

They had to migrate from India on economic, social and political reasons for some period but they returned back to India. In the migration also they did not leave their language and cultural traditions. Due to this reason only Jats do not have linguistic or physical similarities with other groups including Huns,Scythiansetc. [52] This view is also supported by Thakur Deshraj who writes that on the basis of ethnological, physical, cultural and linguistic standards Jats are Aryans who inhabited the areas on the banks of Ganga-Yamuna or Sarswati-Sindhu during time of the Vedic civilization. [53]

Thakur Deshraj, [54] Ram Lal hala [55] and

Al-Biruni[56] considers Jats to be the descendants of Krishna.

Sir Herbert Risley, an Antropologist, considered the Rajput and the Jat to be the true representatives of the Vedic Aryans. [57]

Risley has mentioned in 1901 census report that as per their physique Jats are pure Aryans.[58]

Qanungo appeared to rely on Sir Risley's theory. Qanungo wrote, "The European pioneers of Indian antiquities and ethnology apparently started with the presumption that fine and energetic martial peoples like the Rajput and the Jat must have been comparatively newcomers from the north-west into India who overcame the effete descendants of the Vedic Aryans (Hindus)----. [59]

If popular tradition counts for anything, it points to the view that they (Jats) are an essentially Indo-Aryan people who have migrated from the east to the west and not Indo-Scythian----and No Hindu has been ever known to claim a Chinese origin, but the people of China----[60]

A typical Jat chaupal.
A typical Jat chaupal.

The Jats has been declared by all eminent authorities, to pass successfully the combined test of the physical type and language of true Aryan." [61]

Khushwant Singh (A well respected Indian Journalist) wrote,

"It is now generally accepted that the Jat people who made the northern plains of India their home were of Aryan stock. The origin of the Jat people has been exhaustively dealt with by K.R. Quanungo, who states emphatically that the Jat people are of Aryan stock (Hindus) that came from Rajasthan into Punjab". [62]

Dr. Trump and Beams very strongly claimed a pure Indo-Aryan descent for Jats both in consideration of their physical type and language, which has been authoritatively pronounced as a pure dialect of Hindi, without slightest trace of Scythian.

C.V.Vaidya in History of Medieval Hindu India writes that-

"Lastly we have to speak about the Jat people. Their ethnological characteristics also we have already seen, are clearly Aryans. They are fair tall high nosed and long headed. Does their history contradict of their being Aryans ? ….. They are the purest Aryans in India and belong to the first race of Aryans invaders according to our view the solar race of Aryans. …There is not a scrap of historical evidence even to suggest much less to prove such immigration there is neither foreign mention of their coming into India nor have they any tradition of their own sometime coming into India nor is there any historical India record stone inscription or other of their so coming, and we can only ascribe such theories to that unaccountable bias of the winds of many European and native scholars to assign a foreign and Scythic origin to every fine and energetic caste in India." [63]

E.B.Havell writes based on physical features and the language that Ethnographic investigations show that the Indo Aryan type described in Hindu epic a tall fair complexioned long headed race with narrow prominent noses broad shoulders long arms thin waists like a lion and legs like a deer is how (as it was in the earliest) most confined to Kashmir the Punjab and Rajputana and represented by the Khattris, Jats and Rajputs. [64]

The Jat historian Thakur Deshraj refers to E.B.Havell as above and Mr. Nesfield who said that-

"If appearance goes for anything the Jat could not be Aryans." He further refers to distribution of races of 'North Western Provinces of India' where it has been said that the arguments derived from language are strongly in favour of the pure Aryan origin of the Jats. If they were Scythian conquerors where there Scythian language gone to and how came it that they now speak and have for centuries spoken an Aryan language, a dialect of Hindi". [65]

"Jat" approaches closely to that ascribed to the traditional Aryan colonies of India. The stature is mostly tall, complexion fair, eyes dark, hair on face plentiful, head long. Nose narrow and prominent but very long. [66][67]

[edit] Ethnological studies to support Indo-Aryan origin

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The reputed historian Qanungo writes that the philologists like Dr Trumpp and Beames [68] very strongly claimed a pure Indo-Aryan descent for Jats both in consideration of their physical type and language, which has been authoritatively pronounced as a pure dialect of Hindi, without the slightest trace of Scythian. But they were silenced by the progressive science, which established the unassailable dictum "Language is not a proof of race." [69]

Next, the anthropologists appeared in the field armed with his scientific apparatus to measure the skull and noses of the various peoples of India for the purpose of restoring their lost pedigree. This investigation resulted in the sevenfold classification of the races of India by Sir Herbert Risley, who, on the basis of his research, declared the Rajput and the Jat to be the true representatives of the Vedic Aryans. This was one of the first scientific assaults upon the Indo-Scythian theory. [70]

Sir Herbert Risley's classification of Indian Races table:

S.No. Community
(Religion/Group/People)		 Stature (cm) Cephalic Index Nasal Index
1. Jat people 169.1 and different 79.8 63.1
2. Rajput 174.8 72.4 71.1
3. Gujar 173.03 72.4 66.9
4. Sikh 171.6 72.7 68.8
5. Khatri 166.2 74.00 73.1
6. Maratha 163.2 78.3 80.1
7. Kayasth 164.1 72.6 74.8
8. Kshatri 166.1 73.00 77.7
9. Bhatia 165.81 82.91 73.58
10. Parsi 167.73 82.47 67.67
11. Chamar - 72.8 86.0
12. Kunbi 160.0 77.4 79.2
13. Kuki Naga 156.6 76.2 85.0
14. Khasi Naga 156.9 78.6 86.3
15. Bodo 160.8 78.4 88.0
16. Kanet 161.8 77.5 66.4
17. Pashtun 168.7 76.5 68.4
18. Yadav - 76.2 76.7
19. Aryan 174.8 72.4-74.4 71.6
20. Dravidian 162.4 74.1-76.6 73.1
21. Mongol 159.5 84.3 84.5

The skull or Cephalic Index is considered very important in the classification of races. The Length-Width ration of the skull expressed in percentage is Cephalic Index. These are classified into three categories the Long-headed (dolichocephalic), Medium-headed (mesocephalic) and Short-headed (brachycephalic). [71]

Cephalic Index are grouped as in the following table:

Females Males Scientific term Meaning Alternative term
< 75% < 65% dolichocephalic 'long-headed' mesocranial
75% to 80% 65% to 75% mesocephalic 'medium-headed' mesaticephalic
> 80% > 75% (male) brachycephalic 'short-headed' brachycranial

Dr Naval Viyogi in his book 'Nagas, The Ancient rulers of India'[72] discusses in detail Sir Herbert Risley's studies to investigate the racial affinities as evidences of anthropology, for consideration to show the affinities of Naga people with other races. The list above has been developed, based on his tables .

Sir Herbert Risley, as Head of Department of Anthropology in 1901 demonstrated, that if a table is compiled of the nasal Indices of various communities from Bengal, Bihar ,Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, then those that with lowest nasal index are closest to the standard. Jats have the lowest nasal Index of 63.1. [73]

[edit] Language in support of Indo-Aryan theory

To unerstand the origin of Jat people we have to first analyse the origin of the word Jat. One theory about the origin of the word, 'Jat' is that it has originated from the Sanskrit language word "Gyat" . The Mahabharata mentions in chapter 25, shloka 26 that Lord Krishna founded a federation 'Gana-sangha' of the Andhak and Vrishni clans. This federation was known as 'Gyati-sangha'. Dr Natthan Singh, a Jat historian theories, that over a period of time 'Gyati' became 'Gyat' and it may have changed to Jat.[74]

Another theory of the word's origins is that Jat came from the word Gaut tribal name of some Indo-Aryan tribes of Central Asia (such as those which later became Gauts/Goths or Jutes and settled in Europe), which was written as Jat according to writer in Jattan Da Ithihas. It has also been mentioned by Jat historian Bhim Singh Dahiya.[75] Jats have many surnames common to German people even today.

According to Jat historian Ram Lal Hala, the word Jat is derived from word 'Yat'. He theorizes, that there was a Chandra Vanshi king named Ushana (उशना), ancestor of Lord Krishna. Ushana was born after nine generations of Yadu. Ushana performed hundred Ashvamedha Yagyas and got the title of 'yat'. The word 'Yat' later may have changed to 'Jat'.[76]

There are many variations of the term Jat. In the Punjab, the phonetic sound is "Jutt" or "Jatt (जट्ट)." The nomenclature of the word Jat is variously spelt, in different periods, as Jit, Jat (pl. Jatān), Jat, finally Jāt. The sixth century Pali inscription (dated samvat 597-56 = 541 AD) mentions the race as Jit. Thus the term 'Jit' probably derives its nomenclature after the epithet of the founder of the tribe Jit Salindra. [77] According to James Tod, in Rajasthan and Punjab the tribe retained their ancient name Jit. [78], [79]

The Persian form of the ancient term Jit is Jat (जट्ट) with short vowel and double short 't'. [80]

The Jatt (जट्ट) is generally referred by the Ghaznavid chronicler of the eleventh century (Gardezi, Alberuni, and Baihaqi); [81], [82], [83] in the history of Sind (Chachnama and Tarikh-i-Masumi); by the Delhi Sultanate's chronicler's Isami; [84] and by the 18th century mystic writer Shah Wali Allah in his political letters. [85] Thus in the Indus Valley up to Saurashtra, the tribes are known as Jat. [86] The author of Majmulat-Tawarikh tends to believe that the Arabs called the Sind people Jat. [87] In Sindhi dialect, the term is pronounced as 'Yat' and means 'a camel-driver or breeder of camels' [88] While the author of Dabistan-i-Mazahib (c. 1665) states that 'Jat' in the language of Punjab (read Jataki) means 'a villager, a rustic' (dahistani, rusta'i). [89], [90]


During Mughal period, phonetic and dialectic changes occurred, thus Deccan chronicler Firishta mentions them as 'Jat (जट)' with short vowel and hard 't'. [91] Finally the term gained the present day phonetic in Ain-i-Akbari, when Abul Fazl mentions the tribe as 'Jāt (जाट)' with long vowel 'a' and hard 't'. It is said that the term derives from middle Indo-Aryan term 'Jata'. [92], [93] In view of O'Brien in Jataki language the 'Jat (जात)' – the herdsmen and camel grazer is spelt with soft 't', while the 'Jat (जाट)'- the cultivator with hard 't'. [94] However in present day the tribes, almost all the cultivators, are known as Jāt (जाट) especially in the Yamuna-Ganges Valley. [95]

In Arabian form, the term is mentioned as Zat or Zutt (in Arabic 'J' changes for 'Z') by the Arab geographers. [96], [97], [98] Thus the nomenclature of the tribe is of post-Sanskrit Indian origin and belongs to the Indo-Aryan language. [99]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Schomer, Karine; W H McLeod (1987). The Sants : studies in a devotional tradition of India. Delhi/Berkeley, California: Motilal Banarsidass/Berkeley Religious Studies Series, 89. ISBN 8120802772. OCLC 17747311. 
  2. ^ Professor P.S. Gill, Heritage of Sikh Culture, New Academic Publishing Co., Jullundur, Punjab, 1975, pp. 12-13.
  3. ^ D.R. Chaudhry. "A hardy people in search of new role", The Tribune, 21 November 1999. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 
  4. ^ Bhim Singh Dahiya, Jats the Ancient Rulers, Dahinam Publishers, Sonepat, Haryana.
  5. ^ Professor B. S. Dhillon (1994). History and study of the Jats. Beta Publishers. ISBN 1895603021. 
  6. ^ Alexander Cunningham, The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang (1871), pp. 290-291.
  7. ^ Barstow, A.E., The Sikhs: An Ethnology, Reprinted by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, 1985, first published in 1928, pp. 105-135, 63, 155, 152, 145.
  8. ^ Bingley, A.H., Handbooks for the Indian Army: Sikhs, Compiled Under the Orders of the Government of India, Printed at the Government Central Printing Office, Simla, India, 1899, pp. 8-9, 3.
  9. ^ Professor J. Pettigrew, Robber Noblemen: A Study of the Political System of the Sikh Jats, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1975, pp. 25, 238.
  10. ^ Professor H.S. Willliams, The Historians' History of the World, 21 Vols., The Outlook Company, New York, 1905, Vol. 2, pp. 481.
  11. ^ Professor P.S. Gill, Heritage of Sikh Culture, New Academic Publishing Co., Jullundur, Punjab, 1975, pp. 12-13.
  12. ^ Rose, H.A., A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, Reprinted by the Languages Dept., Patiala, Punjab, 1970, first published in 1883, pp. 362-363, (Vol. II), 58 (Vol. I).
  13. ^ Sir H.M. Elliot, Encyclopaedia of Caste, Customs, Rites and Superstitions of the Races of Northern India, Vol. 1, Reprinted by Sumit Publications, Delhi, 1985, first published in 1870, pp. 133-134.
  14. ^ Sara, I., The Scythian Origins of the Sikh-Jat, The Sikh Review, March 1978, pp. 26-35.
  15. ^ Mahil, U.S., Antiquity of Jat Race, Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi, India, 1955, pp. 2, 9,14.
  16. ^ Hewitt, J.F., The Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times in India, South-Western Asia and Southern Europe, Archibald Constable & Co., London, 1894, pp. 481-487.
  17. ^ MacMunn, G. (Sir and Lt. General), The Martial Races of India, Reprinted by Mittal Publications, Delhi, India, 1979, first published in 1932, pp. 21-22.
  18. ^ Latif, S.M., History of the Panjab, Reprinted by Progressive Books, Lahore, Pakistan, 1984, first published in 1891, pp. 56.
  19. ^ E.B.Havell: The history of Aryan rule in India, page 32
  20. ^ Qanungo: History of the Jats
  21. ^ C.V.Vaidya: History of Medieval Hindu India
  22. ^ Sir Herbert Risley: The People of India
  23. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa
  24. ^ Mangal Sen Jindal: History of Origin of Some Clans in India
  25. ^ YHRD - Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database
  26. ^ Professor B. S. Dhillon (1994). History and study of the Jats. Beta Publishers. ISBN 1895603021. 
  27. ^ Tod, J., (Lt. Col.), Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol.1, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1972 (reprint), first published in 1829, pp. 623.
  28. ^ a b Alexander Cunningham, The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang (1871), pp. 290-291.
  29. ^ Sir Alexander Cunningham, (Sir, Major-General, and former Director-General of the Archeological Survey of India), Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans, Indological Book House, Varanasi, India, 1971, first published in 1888, pp. 33.
  30. ^ Barstow, A.E., The Sikhs: An Ethnology, Reprinted by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, 1985, first published in 1928, pp. 105-135, 63, 155, 152, 145.
  31. ^ Bingley, A.H., Handbooks for the Indian Army: Sikhs, Compiled Under the Orders of the Government of India, Printed at the Government Central Printing Office, Simla, India, 1899, pp. 8-9, 3.
  32. ^ Professor J. Pettigrew, Robber Noblemen: A Study of the Political System of the Sikh Jats, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1975, pp. 25, 238.
  33. ^ Professor H.S. Willliams, The Historians' History of the World, 21 Vols., The Outlook Company, New York, 1905, Vol. 2, pp. 481.
  34. ^ Professor P.S. Gill, Heritage of Sikh Culture, New Academic Publishing Co., Jullundur, Punjab, 1975, pp. 12-13.
  35. ^ Rose, H.A., A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, Reprinted by the Languages Dept., Patiala, Punjab, 1970, first published in 1883, pp. 362-363, (Vol. II), 58 (Vol. I).
  36. ^ Sir H.M. Elliot, Encyclopaedia of Caste, Customs, Rites and Superstitions of the Races of Northern India, Vol. 1, Reprinted by Sumit Publications, Delhi, 1985, first published in 1870, pp. 133-134.
  37. ^ Sara, I., The Scythian Origins of the Sikh-Jat, The Sikh Review, March 1978, pp. 26-35.
  38. ^ Elphinstone, M. (Hon.), The History of India, Reprinted by Kitab Mahal Private Ltd., Allahabad, India, 1966, first published in 1874, pp. 226-229, 16-17, 12.
  39. ^ Mahil, U.S., Antiquity of Jat Race, Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi, India, 1955, pp. 2, 9,14.
  40. ^ Hewitt, J.F., The Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times in India, South-Western Asia and Southern Europe, Archibald Constable & Co., London, 1894, pp. 481-487.
  41. ^ MacMunn, G. (Sir and Lt. General), The Martial Races of India, Reprinted by Mittal Publications, Delhi, India, 1979, first published in 1932, pp. 21-22.
  42. ^ Latif, S.M., History of the Panjab, Reprinted by Progressive Books, Lahore, Pakistan, 1984, first published in 1891, pp. 56.
  43. ^ E.B.Havell: The history of Aryan rule in India, page 32
  44. ^ Qanungo: History of the Jats
  45. ^ C.V.Vaidya: History of Medieval Hindu India
  46. ^ Sir Herbert Risley: The People of India
  47. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa
  48. ^ Mangal Sen Jindal: History of Origin of Some Clans in India
  49. ^ Maheswari Prasad:The Jats - Their role & contribution to the socio-economic life and polity of North & North-West India, Vol.I Ed. Dr Vir Singh, ISBN 81-88629-17-0, p.27
  50. ^ Dr Natthan Singh: Jat - Itihas (Hindi), Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad Gwalior, 2004 (Page 9)
  51. ^ CV Vaidya: Mahabharata a criticizm, Bombay 1904 (Page 55-78)
  52. ^ Dr Natthan Singh: Jat - Itihas (Hindi), Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad Gwalior, 2004 (Page 38)
  53. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa, Page 64
  54. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa, Page 65
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  98. ^ Cf. Gabriel Ferrand, S.V. Zutt, Urdu Daira-i-Ma'arif-i-Islamiya, X, p. 459
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