Orchestral Suite No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky composed his Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor, Op. 43 between 1878 and 1879. It was premiered on December 20, 1879 at a Russian Musical Society concert in Moscow, conducted by Nikolai Rubinstein. The piece is dedicated to Tchaikovsky's patroness, Nadezhda von Meck.

Contents

[edit] Structure

Some critics have stated that since Tchaikovsky used specific pre-classical types for the outer movements (Introduction and Fugue and Gavotte), his model for this work was the Baroque suite and not, as he had written to von Meck, the orchestral suites of Franz Lachner.[1]

The suite is written in six movements.

  1. Introduzione e fuga: Andante sostenuto—Moderato e con anima
    A very spacious and portentous introduction (the Baroque equivalent of a prelude)leads into what could be called an "academic" fugue since its climax steps away from Baroque practice, very loudly, intothe 19th century. The movement's end, however, is quiet.[2]
  2. Divertimento: Allegro moderato
    This movement could have just as easily been titled Valse. Tchaikovsky gives the clarinet the task of "discovering" the opening tune. There is also a section of the three flutes' chattering that will return for the Mirlitons' Dance in The Nutcracker.[3]
  3. Intermezzo: Andantino semplice
    This movement is more restrained n tone. Its first subject is actually a "glosting" of the fugue subject from the opening movement. It alternates with a broad, sustained melody in a five-section A-B-A-B-A structure.[4]
  4. Marche miniature: Moderato con moto
    Scored for upper woodwind, with very discreeet contributions from the violins, triangle and bells, this music's confectionary lightness would hav allowed it to fit easily into The Nutcracker.[4]
  5. Scherzo: Allegro con moto
    This was the first movement to be composed and was the reason for the suite's actually being written.[4]
  6. Gavotte: Allegro
    Tchaikovsky may hae chosen to model this movement after a stately Baroque dance, but the music had less to do with Bach's style than it does, with its discreet piquancy, as a precursor to the corresponding movement in Sergei Prokofiev's Classical Symphony.[4]

[edit] Instrumentation

Woodwinds

Piccolo
3 Flutes
2 Oboes
2 Clarinets (B-flat and A)
2 Bassoons

Brass

4 Horns in F
2 Trumpets (D and F)

Percussion

Timpani
Triangle
Glockenspiel

Strings

Violins
Violas
Cellos
Double basses.

[edit] Overview

[edit] New music, old forms

By the summer of 1878, Tchaikovsky was incapable of summoning the intense emotional resources he had unleashed musically the previous year in the Fourth Symphony. Because of this, he decided he needed a sabbatical from symphonic music. However, in foregoing the composition of emotionally heavy music, he did not wish to negate his personality as much as he had in writing the Variations on a Rococo Theme. Instead, he decided to achieve the same classical polish and poise he had displayed in the Rococo Variations within his own compositional idiom.[5] While the suite could be simply a selection of excerpts from a larger composition, as Tchaikovsky would later do with his Nutcracker Suite, it had historically been a independent form in itself. This was most notably the case with the Baroque suites that Johann Sebastian Bach composed for orchestra, keyboard and other instruments. These suites were made up mainly of dances of the time, such as allemandes, courantes, sarabands and gigues[6]

Few of Tchaikovsky's compositions are as far removed from the idea of the composer as musical confessor as his orchestral suites would become, yet they would remain entirely true to the pre-Romantic ideal he wished to summon. They were an outgrowth of a trend beginning in Germany following the rediscovering of Bach's orchestral suites, and he valued the genre for formal freedom as well as its unrestricted musical fantasy.[7] They would give the composer free rein to his penchant for short genre pieces and orchestration. Johannes Brahms would happily find a similar outlket in his serenades, providing him with a medium in which to compose pure orchestral music more relaxed than had previously been possible in the post-Beethoven symphony.[8]

Tchaikovsky's First Suite would be rooted in the world of the ballet divertissement. To insure that the piece did not come across as overtly light or frivolous in tone, the composer affordd himself some highmindedness with the opening introduction and fugue. While Tchaikovsky had previousl written extended fugato sections, he had written only one full-blown fugue in his compositions since leaving the St. Petersburg Conservatory, in his Op. 21 piano pieces.[9] In addition, Tchaikovsky had to ensure that while the piece presented a wide range of styles and moods, it would add up to a coherent, satisfying experience. This caused him some diffficulty as the piece's length rose to become the same as the Fourth Symphony and delayed its completion by a year.[10]

[edit] Composition

According to an August 1878 letter to von Meck, Tchaikovsky originally planned the suite to be in five moements:

  1. Introduzione e fuga
  2. Scherzo
  3. Andante melanconico
  4. Intermezzo: March of the Liliputians
  5. Rondo: Dance of the Giants

The scherzo was the germ for the whole composition; it was after plunging headlong into writing it that "there arose in my head an array of orchestral pieces which would generate a Suite in the manner of Lachner."[11]. (Franz Lachner was a well-known and prolific composer in his day (1803–1890), though he is not now considered a major composer. His work was influenced by Ludwig van Beethoven and his friend Franz Schubert.) Complications arose when, once in Florence, Italy and anxious to continue the suite, Tchaikovsky realized the manuscripts for the three movements he had already finished were in his luggage, which had not arrived. He composed the final two movements he had planned while awaiting the luggage. The manuscripts were not among the lugage and were never found. Tchaikovsky completed the suite in April 1879[12]

Complicating matters was that in August 1879, after Jurgenson had already started engraving the printing plates for the suite. Tchaikovsky realized all the movements were in duple meter—in other words, two beats per measure. He quickly penned a Divertimento in triple meter, which he called a minuet but is actually a waltz, to break up this potential metric monotony. Tchaikovsky suggested replacing the March with the Divertimento. Jurgenson liked the March and suggested letting the suite expand to six movemnets. Six, to Tchaikovsky, was one movement too many. He suggested that Sergei Taneyev be asked his opinion of the March. If Taneyev thought it worthwhile, then Tchaikovsky wanted to drop the Andante and reorder the movements as Introduction and Fugue, Divertimento, Scherzo, March, Gavotte. The Andante's case was then pleaded to the composer. By the time Rubinstein conducted the premiere, the order of the six movements was the one finally established.[13]

[edit] Reception

Keeping the March may have actually been a prudent move on Jurgenson's part—one which the publisher may have relished as he reported the First Suite's success at its premiere. Tchaikovsky had been in Rome and could not attend. Jurgenson wrote, "The first movement went off without fervent expressions of delight. The second evidently pleased. the Andante pleased very much, but the March drew applause which wouldn't sto until it was repeated. The Scherzo was very well received. The Gavotte found the audience by now fatigued and bursting to get away."[14] The suite's St. Petersburg premiere followed on April 6, 1880. It was enthusiasticially received and the March again was the most successful movement. The March, in fact, would frequently become played separately because of its popularity.[15]

[edit] Selected Recordings

[edit] Bibliography

  • Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Years of Wandering (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986). ISBN 0-393-02311-7.
  • Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music (Nre York: Pegasus Books, 2007). ISBN 978-1-933648-30-9.
  • Maes, Francis, tr. Arnold J. Pomerans and Erica Pomerans, A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of Ca.ilfornia Press, 2002). ISBN 0-520-21815-9.
  • Warrack, John, Tchaikovsky (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). SBN 684-13558-2.
  • Yoffe, Elkhonon, Notes for Chandos 9587, Tchaikovsky: Suite No. 1; The Storm; Fatum; the Detroit Symphony Orchestra conducted by Neeme Jarvi.

[edit] External Links

[edit] References

  1. ^ Brown, Wandering, 226.
  2. ^ Brown, Man and Music, 191.
  3. ^ Brown, Man and Music, 192.
  4. ^ a b c d Brown, Man and Music, 192.
  5. ^ Brown, Wandering, 22.
  6. ^ Brown, Man and Music, 191.
  7. ^ Maes, 155.
  8. ^ Warrack, 161.
  9. ^ Brown, Wandering, 22
  10. ^ Brown, Man and Music, 190-191.
  11. ^ Quoted in Yoffe, 4.
  12. ^ Yoffe, 4.
  13. ^ Brown, Wandering, 20-21.
  14. ^ Quoted in Brown, Wandering, 21.
  15. ^ Brown, Wandering, 21.