Operation Pedestal

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Operation Pedestal Part of World War II, Mediterranean Campaign The merchantship SS Waimarama explodes after being bombed. Date 9 August — 15 August 1942 Location Mediterranean Sea Result Tactical Axis victory Strategic Allied victory Belligerents  United Kingdom Italy Germany Commanders Neville Syfret, H.M Burrough Alberto Da Zara Strength 4 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 7 light cruisers, 16 destroyers, 14 merchantmen. 3 heavy cruisers, 3 light cruisers, 15 MTBs, 11 submarines, 784 aircraft Casualties and losses 1 aircraft carrier sunk, 2 light cruisers sunk, 1 destroyer sunk, 9 merchantmen sunk, others damaged, 1 aircraft carrier damaged, 2 light cruisers damaged 1 heavy cruiser heavily damaged, 1 light cruiser heavily damaged, 2 submarines sunk, 1 submarine damaged

v • d • e Battle of the Mediterranean Espero¹² – Mers-el-Kébir – Calabria¹² – Spada – Cape Passero¹ – Taranto – Spartivento¹ – Excess¹ – Abstention – Matapan – Tarigo² – Crete – Substance¹ – Halberd¹ – Duisburg² – Bon² – 1st Sirte¹² – Alexandria raid – 2nd Sirte¹ – Harpoon¹ – Vigorous¹ – Pedestal¹ – Agreement – Torch – Stone Age¹ – Toulon – Skerki² – Cigno² – Sicily – Sinking of Roma ¹ - Involved an Allied convoy • ² - Involved an Axis convoy

Operation Pedestal was a British operation to get desperately needed supplies to the island of Malta in August 1942, during the Second World War. For the British, the Mediterranean naval campaign revolved around the island of Malta. It was the base from which surface ships, submarines and aircraft attacked the supply convoys for the Italian and German armies in North Africa, without which they could not operate. To sustain the island, major convoy operations had to be mounted at all costs; the island narrowly survived^[1] at the height of the Axis siege of Malta. Despite serious losses, just enough supplies were delivered to enable Malta to survive^[2], although it ceased to be an effective offensive base for much of 1942. The most crucial supplies were fuel supplies delivered by the American-built tanker Ohio.^[3] The operation started on 9 August 1942, when the convoy sailed through the Strait of Gibraltar.^[4]

The convoy is also known as the "Battle of Mid-August" in Italy and as the "Santa Marija Convoy" in Malta. The arrival of the last ships of the convoy on August 15, 1942 coincided with the Feast of the Assumption (Santa Marija) and the name "Santa Marija Convoy" or "Sta Marija Convoy" is still used. That day's public holiday and celebrations, in part, celebrate the arrival of the convoy. The attempt to run some fifty ships past bombers, E-boats, minefields and U-boats has gone down in military history as one of the most important^[2] British strategic victories of the Second World War - though at a cost of more than four hundred lives, with only five of the original fourteen merchant ships reaching the Grand Harbour.

Contents 1 Background 2 Planning 3 Preliminary Movements 4 Into the Mediterranean 4.1 Past the Straits 4.2 August 11 4.3 August 12 4.4 August 13 4.5 August 14 4.6 August 15 5 Aftermath 5.1 Awards and Recognitions 6 The Forces 6.1 Allied 6.2 Axis 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Background

In 1942, Great Britain was waging a land war against Italian forces in North Africa and their allies, Rommel's Afrika Korps. Malta was a critical component^[5] to this campaign, as the island could be used as a base to interdict efforts to resupply Axis forces operating in North Africa.^[6] During this stage of the war, Malta was critically short on munitions, food, and fuel for both military operations and civil use. Attempts to run the blockade and resupply Malta proved to be costly and often ended in failure; the two-pronged effort to resupply Malta during June of 1942—known as Operations Harpoon (from Gibraltar) and Vigorous (from Alexandria, Egypt)—were unsuccessful, only two merchantmen from Harpoon and none from Vigorous reached Malta, while many others (including the only tanker included in Harpoon) were sunk,^[7] while the escorting warships also suffered heavy casualties.^[8] Military planners knew Malta would be forced to surrender if fuel, grain and ammunition did not get through before the end of August; the local air commander (Keith Park) had warned that there remained only a few weeks' supply of aviation fuel. The Admiralty drew up plans for another convoy to sail at the earliest practical date, mid-August.^[4]

[edit] Planning

The Admiralty started to plan Operation Pedestal in the early weeks of July 1942, and it was soon recognized that this was to be the main effort to relieve Malta, and would employ the largest escort force yet deployed for a single convoy, including two battleships and three aircraft carriers. At the same time, there would be several minor but important operations carried out both under the cover of Pedestal: Operation Berserk would be an aircraft carrier exercise to improve coordination between the various carriers in the convoy, Operation Bellows would be a reinforcement of Malta's air defences by Spitfires flown off from an aircraft carrier, and Operation Ascendant would be an effort to return the two surviving merchantmen from the Harpoon convoy from Malta to Gibraltar. The main participants during these discussions were Rear Admiral A. L. St. G. Lyster, CB, CVO, DSO, Rear-Admiral H. M. Burrough, CB, DSO, Vice-Admiral E. N. Syfret, CB and the Naval Staff.

The supplies were to be carried by fourteen merchant ships, the most important being the SS Ohio, the only large, fast tanker available (and the largest tanker in the world at the time.)^[9] As partial insurance against Ohio's loss, the others would carry some fuel supplies in drums. The convoy was to be protected by two large forces of warships, one as distant cover (Force Z), and the other as close support all the way to Malta (Force X). Between the two forces there were two battleships, three aircraft carriers, seven cruisers and thirty-two destroyers. Once they reached the Sicilian channel, Force Z (the battleships, the aircraft carriers, and three cruisers) was to return to Gibraltar, leaving the convoy to continue to Malta escorted by the remaining four cruisers and the destroyer flotilla that comprised Force X.

The Regia Marina was hampered^[10] by a lack of fuel oil, which kept its largest vessels in port. When the British convoy was detected, it was decided to attack it with German and Italian aircraft based in Sardinia and send ten submarines into the Sicilian Channel. An Italian cruiser division was to deliver the final attack, which required oil to be transferred from inactive battleships to the cruisers.^[10]

[edit] Preliminary Movements

The overall operational commander, Vice-Admiral E. N. Syfret, transferred to HMS Nelson on 27 July when the Nelson and Rodney returned to Scapa Flow from Freetown, West Africa. Syfret convened a conference on 29 July, for Flag and Commanding Officers of the naval forces for Pedestal currently assembled at Scapa, to consider the orders for the operation. On July 31 the Nelson, Rodney, Victorious, Argus, Sirius and destroyers sailed from Scapa to rendezvous with Eagle and Charybdis from Gibraltar and HMS Indomitable and Phoebe, from Freetown, for Operation Berserk. Berserk successfully exercised fighter direction and co-operation between the three carriers, in preparation for the impending convoy.^[4]

The convoy, named with a bogus "WS"^[11] prefix, escorted by HMS Nigeria, Kenya and destroyers sailed from the Clyde overnight on August 2 and joined the other escorts during the following morning. Just prior to sailing, but after the "normal"^[4] convoy conference, Rear-Admiral Burrough met with the Convoy Commodore, A.G. Venables, and the Masters of the individual merchant ships on board his flagship^[12] and the whole plan was explained in detail.^[13] A similar meeting was held with radio operators of the merchantmen to explain fleet communications and procedures. Personal messages signed by the First Lord of the Admiralty wishing the Masters "God Speed" and contained in envelopes marked "Not to be opened until 0800 hours August 10" were handed to the Masters.

Shortly before the departure from Scapa, the Admiralty decided that HMS Furious should carry out Operation Bellows to reinforce Malta with Spitfires, at the same time as Pedestal and necessary alterations to the Operation Orders^[4] were distributed to all concerned. Technical difficulties (connected with the aircraft's propellers and Furious's flying deck, which was not level but sloped upwards to a point amidships) delayed the carrier's departure but, with HMS Manchester, she joined the Nelson and the convoy three days before the start of the operation. The passage of the convoy from the United Kingdom to the rendezvous with the aircraft carriers west of the Straits was successful, though there were many alarms over U-Boat contacts en route and a Coastal Command Sunderland flying boat was shot down by friendly fire. The convoy was exercised in anti-aircraft gunnery, in emergency turns and in changing from one cruising disposition to another, using both signal flags and short range W/T. The risk to security in breaking W/T silence was accepted and as a result of these exercises the convoy attained an efficiency in manoeuvring "comparable to that of a fleet unit".^[4]

[edit] Into the Mediterranean

[edit] Past the Straits

The force's aircraft performed dummy air attacks during the afternoon of August 8, followed by a fly past. These were done to exercise the radar reporting and fighter direction organisation and to give ships' guncrews an opportunity to recognise the markings of friendly aircraft. The resulting volume of radio traffic must have been very apparent to hostile listening stations,^[14] but this risk to security was worth the benefit gained from the rehearsals (At 1300, when HMS Indomitable joined the force, it was believed to have been the first time that five British aircraft carriers had operated together at sea).

The passage of the Straits and August 10 were uneventful. Fishing boats and one merchant vessel were passed at close quarters, but due to a moonless night and indifferent visibility, it was thought improbable that the force had been sighted from the shore. Reports received later,^[4] however, showed that the enemy was fully aware of the convoy's passage of the Straits.

[edit] August 11

The convoy completed refuelling by dawn on August 11, from the tankers Dingledale and Brown Ranger. Previous Malta convoys had refueled at Malta^[15] but now Malta had no oil to spare. The refueling of three cruisers and twenty-six destroyers at sea, under enemy observation and in U-Boat infested waters, was an anxious one; failure could have seriously upset the whole operation.^[16]

The main coup for the Axis during the day happened early in the morning. The aircraft carrier HMS Eagle was hit by four torpedoes from U-73 (Kapitänleutnant Helmut Rosenbaum) and sank seventy nautical miles south of Cape Salinas. Most of the crew survived (160 lost out of 927), rescued by her escorts. The sinking of the Eagle deprived the force of a quarter of its fighter strength.^[4]

While the Eagle was being torpedoed, the Furious successfully finished Operation Bellows, flying off thirty-seven much needed Spitfires to Malta. The flying distance between Furious and Malta was 555 nautical miles (1,028 km) to 584 nautical miles (1,082 km). Her part of the mission complete, Furious returned to Gibraltar with her escorts. A destroyer escorting the Furious, HMS Wolverine, rammed and sank the Italian submarine Dagabur. Wolverine's bow was seriously damaged, but she reached Gibraltar for repairs.^[4]

A large number of sightings of torpedoes, air and U-Boat attacks were reported throughout the whole convoy.^[4] The Axis made every form of air attack, including minelaying ahead of the fleet.^[4] Up to 1900 on August 11, there were four heavy air attacks on the fleet, which used many aircraft. Despite the weight of these attacks, the only casualties were one merchant ship with her speed reduced by a near miss, a destroyer torpedoed but afloat (though later scuttled) and the HMS Indomitable put out of flying action but capable of steaming at 28 knots (52 km/h). At 2000, an Italian air attack (using S.84, CR.42, C.202, and Re.2001 fighters and bombers) against the aircraft carriers caused minor damage to the flight deck of HMS Victorious.

[edit] August 12

As the convoy moved eastwards towards the enemy's bases in Sardinia and Sicily, it was expected that the U-Boat and air threat would increase and a U-Boat concentration was expected near Galita. Anti-submarine measures were stepped up to meet this threat. The convoy's anti-submarine screen, later in the day, destroyed an Italian submarine.^[17] The submarine had been rammed by HMS Ithuriel. This tactic was discouraged by the Admiralty, due to the damage that often resulted. In Ithuriel's case, she had badly damaged herself, put her Asdic gear out of action and the resulting absence of Ithuriel from the escort screen occurred under an air attack. The carriers launched Fairey Fulmars and Hawker Sea Hurricanes as air cover. The first air attack by nineteen Ju 88s was met by both anti-aircraft fire and the fighters. Four bombers were claimed for the loss of a fighter and two more were shot down by the escorting ships.^[4]

The Italian cruiser division, consisting of three heavy cruisers (Gorizia, Bolzano, and Trieste), three light cruisers (Eugenio di Savoia, Raimondo Montecuccoli, and Muzio Attendolo) and 17 destroyers sailed.^[18] to meet the British convoy.

Throughout the day, the force was under continual observation by aircraft, with fighter protection. During the day, there were three very heavy air attacks; whilst Force X, after parting company, was attacked at dusk by bombers and torpedo-bombers. During daylight, British fighters were active, they provided early warning of raids and destroyed enemy aircraft, although frequently outnumbered. The convoy's anti-aircraft guns also proved successful as deterrents.

Submarines, however, remained a potent threat. The Italian submarine Brin was driven off by destroyers. A Sunderland flying boat attacked Giada, which was waiting for the convoy off Algiers, damaging it and a subsequent air attack by another flying boat caused more damage. Brin brought down the flying boat with its own guns. To prevent any further submarine attack the destroyers dropped depth charges every ten minutes, between 1400 and 1900.

At noon, another air attack developed, by Italian and German bombers and Italian fighters. The attacks did not occur as planned, and the convoy enjoyed brief respites rather than enduring continuous waves of attacks. Indomitable's flight deck was put out of action, leaving Victorious as the only remaining flight deck. Indomitable's aircraft had to be landed on Victorious and several fighters had to be ditched overboard to make space for further landings.^[19]

It had been intended that Force Z should return to Gibraltar when the Skerki Channel was reached at 1915. Indomitable was on fire forward and aft, so Syfret brought the manoeuvre forward by twenty minutes,^[20] and at 1855, Force Z was ordered to return to Gibraltar, leaving Force X to continue to Malta. This separation went unnoticed by the Axis and was not discovered by them until about 2030. In view of the weight of the Axis air attack between 1830 and 1850, it seemed improbable that a further significant air attack on Force X could be possible before dark, and having reached the Skerki Bank, it was hoped that the submarine threat would subside.

The main threat to the convoy appeared to be E Boats attacks during the night and by aircraft the following morning. Thus the successful submarine attack by the Italian submarine Axum at 2000, when HMS Nigeria, HMS Cairo and Ohio were torpedoed.^[21] was unexpected and its effect far reaching. The timing was a critical one, for the convoy was at that moment changing its setup from four to two columns. For this manoeuvre the cruisers were needed as column leaders. The torpedoing of HMS Nigeria and Cairo, the temporary non-effectiveness of HMS Ashanti and the detachment of four "Hunt" class destroyers to stand by the damaged cruisers, temporarily deprived Force X of its Commander, deprived two columns of their leaders, lost the convoy nearly half its escort, and the entire force of its two Fighter Direction ships. On hearing that Nigeria and Cairo had been torpedoed, Syfret ordered HMS Charybdis, Eskimo and Somali to reinforce Force X. From about 2035 to 2100 the convoy was subjected to a very severe dusk air attack by dive-bombers and torpedo-bombers.

Ashanti and Penn laid a smokescreen to cover the light western horizon, but this did not prevent the attack from being effective. The merchantmen Empire Hope and Glenorchy were both bombed and sunk, the latter blowing up with no survivors. A separate torpedo-bomber attack was thought to have sunk Deucalion at 2130 near the Cani Rocks when under escort of HMS Bramham. The Commanding Officer, HMS Kenya described the state of the convoy after these attacks as 'chaotic', and in fact there are different versions of what really happened during these confusing hours. However, though the convoy was in a confused state, all of the ships in the convoy were steaming in their correct direction. Most of the convoy got safely, though some not undamaged, as far as Kelibia,^[22], by early morning. The destroyer HMS Foresight was sunk in the same attack.^[4] Roughly around 2100, the Italian submarine Alagi reported that it had sunk the merchant ship Empire Hope and damaged the cruiser Kenya; in fact two freighters sank at this moment, while Kenya turned to avoid a torpedo. Another submarine, Bronzo, stated that it had sunk the merchant ship Deucalion. It is possible that the unknown second freighter sunk by the Italian submarine Alagi or the damage to Kenya was not directed to either ship but to the freighter MV Brisbane Star, that supposedly^[23] had its bows torn off during this encounter.

Nigeria and the other damaged ships turned back to Gibraltar with Wilton and Bicester as escorts. Other submarines, the Emo, Avorio and Dandolo among them, were driven off by depth charges.^[13]

[edit] August 13

Passing through minefields between Africa and Sicily around midnight, the convoy met eight Italian and seven German torpedo-boats which made 15 attacks. The long line of merchant ships and the reduced number of escort ships provided easy opportunities for attacks by the torpedo-boats which were lying in wait off Kelibia.^[4] Here three of the merchant ships which failed to reach Malta were torpedoed. Of these, Wairangi was hit in the engine room and was permanently disabled, while the American Almeria Lykes was hit at the joint of No. 1 bulkhead hold and could not continue steaming to Malta. In the early morning the cruiser HMS Manchester was torpedoed^[24] by two Italian E-Boats (MS-16 and MS-21)^[25], and after the ship's company had abandoned her in the ship's boats and Carley floats she was scuttled by order of her Commanding Officer. It was the largest ship sunk by E-Boats during WWII.^[26] Manchester had been hit at 01:00 by torpedoes from the Italian MTBs MS.22 and MS.16, leaving her dead in the water and listing. She had restored power^[2] and some of her crew (156 men) had been transferred to HMS Pathfinder, but she was later scuttled off Cape Bon. Several hundred of her complement landed in Vichy-controlled Tunisia and were interned. According to most sources, a dozen of her crew died from the torpedo explosions, while at least another one-hundred and fifty were missing at sea during her evacuation. The merchantmen Santa Elisa was hit by torpedo, with the entire ship catching fire and abandoned by the crew.^[27]; The Glenorchy was torpedoed and on fire although most of her crew survived her eventual sinking; another merchantman Rochester Castle was also torpedoed but she kept on going. Fighters from Malta were fired upon by the convoy in the confusion because communications between the convoy and the RAF were still out.

Twelve Junkers 88s attacked, and the Waimarama was hit, the aviation fuel on deck burst into flame and the ship exploded and sunk, with eighty of the one-hundred and seven crew killed. The destroyer HMS Ledbury passed through the flames to save what few survivors there were.^[28] The wreckage of the Waimarama started fires on the merchantman Melbourne Star, and several of her crew abandoned ship prematurely, some of whom were later rescued by Ledbury. Soon afterwards, sixty Stuka dive bombers attacked, this time focusing specifically on the damaged Ohio. Near-misses buckled the tanker's plates and the forward tank filled with water. A downed Junkers 88 crashed onto the deck of Ohio. Another plane, an Italian Stuka, bounced off the water, and crashed onto Ohio. The tanker avoided mines, torpedoes and circling torpedoes, two bombs straddled and lifted her clean out of the water. The boilers blown, the precious tanker was dead in the water at 1050.^[29]

Dorset was disabled by three near misses, and the engine room was flooded. The high octane fuel caught fire and the merchantman was abandoned. Twelve Italian torpedo bombers attacked, and the Port Chalmers caught an aerial torpedo in its paravane.^[30] A bomb nearby set Kenya's forward engine room on fire, but the fire was quickly put out. Fighters from Malta provided some air cover to the blitzed convoy. Rochester Castle, Port Chalmers and Melbourne Star steamed on to meet escort from Malta, reaching Grand Harbour in Valletta at 1800. Another aerial attack on Ohio ensued. The Penn tried to tow Ohio, but the tanker was listing to its side and snapped the tow line. During another attack, Ohio nearly split in half and broke its back as a bomb hit the same area of a previous torpedo hit. The crew, led by Master D. W. Mason abandoned the ship, while Italian torpedo bombers were about to dive in for yet another attack.

Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, commander of the German Air Command based in Sicily, denied air coverage to the Italian cruiser division, having little regard for the fighting capability of the Regia Marina, and preferred to use his aircraft for direct attacks on the British convoy.^[2] Without air cover and given the closeness of the air base at Malta, the Supermarina (Regia Marina High Command) withdrew its cruisers to Messina. They passed through the area patrolled by the British submarines HMS Safari and Unbroken and were attacked. Unbroken torpedoed the Bolzano, which was hit in her oil tank and ran aground; Attendolo lost sixty feet of bow. Neither ship returned to action during the war. At 1846, a Junkers Ju 88 attack hit Ohio, which was severely damaged and reduced to a speed of four knots.^[31] The convoy then entered the protective range of Spitfires and Beaufighters from Malta.

[edit] August 14

The Brisbane Star arrived in Malta, its bow torn off by a torpedo, discharging its supplies in the harbour. The Ohio was surrounded by a flottilla of ships, aiming to nurse the stricken tanker to Grand Harbour. Several American volunteers, themselves survivors from the sunken American freighter Santa Eliza, manned^[32] anti-aircraft guns on the Ohio during the tow. The weight of the tanker kept breaking the tow lines, while constant air attacks were made by twenty bombers. An attack destroyed the rudder, making a hole in her stern. The decks of the ship were now awash. Finally, the tanker was successfully towed while it was supported by two destroyers^[33] one on each side, with a minesweeper to act as a stabilizer. The remainder of the convoy was either sunk or falling back on Gibraltar.

[edit] August 15

Main article: SS Ohio

The Ohio was towed into Grand Harbour by the two destroyers and a set of tugs^[34] at 0930 to cheering crowds and a band playing Rule Britannia. The tanker discharged its precious cargo into two tankers and settled on the bottom just as the last of the cargo left her holds.^[35]

[edit] Aftermath

The arrival of the four merchant ships, and the survival of the tanker Ohio, did ensure the salvation of the island, but it did not mean the end of the siege. The ultimate result of Operation Pedestal was that it ensured that Malta stayed in the war. For the high price of nine merchantmen sunk, one aircraft carrier (Eagle), two cruisers (Manchester and Cairo), and a destroyer (Foresight) sunk, the Royal Navy and the Merchant Navy had indeed saved Malta, but only just. Roughly 32,000 tons of general cargo had reached the Grand Harbour, together with petrol, oil fuel, kerosene and diesel fuel, enough to give the island about ten weeks more life beyond the existing stocks of only a few weeks.

Operation Pedestal, though tactically disastrous, was turned into a strategic victory in that it served as a great uplift to the besieged island's morale. Indeed, for several months after this convoy, Malta was still dependent on essential stores and stocks being delivered by fast minelayers, like HMS Manxman, and of mine-laying submarines. From the moment the shield of Spitfires patrolled over the unloading battered ships, it became obvious that ships could now arrive and be protected, meaning that more ships would come in due course, thus sustaining the will to endure.

German reports on August 17 stated that all the tankers in the recent Mediterranean convoy were sunk and not one of the transports reached their assumed destination in Egypt. A revived Malta led to a shift in the North African balance immediately preceding the Second Battle of El Alamein. In August 1942, with Malta still besieged, 35% of Axis convoys to North Africa did not get through. In September, with Malta resupplied, Allied forces sank 100,000 tons of Axis shipping, including 24,000 tons of fuel destined for Rommel, leaving him desperately short of supplies during his assault at El Alamein on October 23, 1942. Hence, it was no longer a question of ' How many days to Cairo? ' for the Axis armies, but of whether Rommel could hold the Allied attack back when it would materialise. Submarines and torpedo-carrying Bristol Beauforts escorted by their variants the Bristol Beaufighters, were now unleashed upon the Axis supply lines, at the end of which the harassed Axis forces were scarcely able to cope with the constant British build-up for an offensive towards the end of the year.^[36]

For the Axis powers in general, and for the Italians in particular,^[27] the inability of the fleet to fully display its power and especially the inability of Axis air forces to provide for cover clearly demonstrated that the tide in this campaign had turned. Ultimately, Malta was still alive while any hope to maintain North Africa was quickly fading away, with the now looming possibility of having the Allies opening up a Third Front on the Italian mainland.^[10]

Operation Pedestal was the subject of a 1953 black and white British film, Malta Story, which interspersed archive footage of the SS Ohio with scripted studio scenes.

[edit] Awards and Recognitions

In recognition of their fortitude during the siege and air attacks during all of the Mediterranean campaign, Malta was awarded the George Cross in the months immediately preceding this operation. Vice-Admiral Syfret was knighted (KCB) for his " bravery and dauntless resolution in fighting an important Convoy through to Malta in the face of relentless attacks by day and night from enemy submarines, aircraft, and surface forces."^[37] The Master of the tanker Ohio, Dudley William Mason was awarded the George Cross for showing "skill and courage of the highest order and it was due to his determination that, in spite of the most persistent enemy opposition, the vessel, with her valuable cargo, eventually reached Malta and was safely berthed."^[37] Several other navy officers, crewmembers and commanders, including the commander of HMS Ledbury, Roger Hill, received mentions in dispatches and other military awards for the bravery and intrepidity shown in ferrying the merchantmen to Malta.^[38]

The Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal was awarded to Frederick August Larsen, Jr., Junior Third Officer and to Francis A. Dales, Cadet-Midshipman, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, for "Heroism beyond the call of duty".

[edit] The Forces

[edit] Allied

Allied ships that took part in this operation included:

• Battleships:
  • Rodney
  • Nelson
• Aircraft Carriers:
  • Eagle (sunk)
  • Victorious
  • Indomitable (damaged)
  • Furious (carrying land-operating Spitfires as reinforcements for the island.)
• Cruisers:
  • Phoebe
  • Sirius
  • Charybdis
  • Nigeria (damaged)
  • Kenya (damaged)
  • Manchester (severely damaged and scuttled)
  • Cairo (sunk)
• Destroyers:
  • Ashanti
  • Badsworth
  • Bramham
  • Bicester
  • Derwent
  • Foresight (severely damaged and scuttled)
  • Fury
  • Intrepid
  • Ithuriel
  • Icarus
  • Ledbury
  • Matchless
  • Pathfinder
  • Penn
  • Tartar
  • Zetland

• Merchant Ships

• • SS Almeria Lykes (sunk)
  • MV Brisbane Star (damaged, arrived 14 August)
  • MV Clan Ferguson (sunk)
  • MV Deucalion (sunk)
  • MV Dorset (sunk)
  • MV Empire Hope (sunk)
  • MV Glenorchy (sunk)
  • MV Melbourne Star (arrived 13 August)
  • SS Ohio (fuel tanker, damaged beyond repair, arrived 15 August)
  • MV Port Chalmers (arrived 13 August)
  • MV Rochester Castle (damaged, arrived 13 August)
  • SS Santa Elisa (freighter, drums of fuel, sunk)
  • SS Waimarama (freighter, drums of fuel, sunk)
  • MV Wairangi (freighter, ammo and drums of fuel,sunk)

[edit] Axis

• Cruisers:
  • Gorizia (severely damaged)
  • Bolzano
  • Muzio Attendolo (severely damaged)
  • Trieste
  • Eugenio di Savoia
  • Raimondo Montecuccoli

• Submarines:
  • Alagi
  • Avorio
  • Axum
  • Brin
  • Bronzo
  • Cobalto (sunk)
  • Dagabur (sunk)
  • Dandolo
  • Emo
  • Giada (damaged)
  • U-73

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Website about the proceedings of Operation Pedestal
• Operation Pedestal and SS Ohio save Malta
• Times of Malta Sta Marija Convoy Surviving Crewmen for Malta Reunion by Fiona Galea Debono, July 15, 2002.
• Times of Malta Survivor from Sta Marija Convoy tells his experience by Fiona Galea Debono, August 13, 2006
• Battaglia di Mezzo Agosto - Plancia di Commando