Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa

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Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa
Part of the War on Terrorism
French Legionnaires from the 13 DBLE and United States soldiers from the 3rd Infantry Regiment participate in an exercise in Djibouti.
Date October 7, 2002 – present Location Horn of Africa and Gulf of Aden Result Operation ongoing
Belligerents
NATO represented by:  Belgium  Canada  France  Germany  Netherlands  Italy  Spain  United States  United Kingdom NATO allies:  Australia  New Zealand  Pakistan  Djibouti  Somalia  Ethiopia	al-Qaeda Islamic Courts Union Somali Pirates
Casualties and losses
United States: 17 non-combat fatalities	220 (al-Qaeda claim)[1]
Civilian casualties unknown

OEF-Horn of Africa March 18, 2006 incident – Ras Kamboni – June 3, 2007 incident – Bargal – October 28, 2007 incident – Dobley – Dhusamareb

Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) is the name of the military operation defined by the United States for combating terrorism in the Horn of Africa.^[2] It is one component of the overall mission of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and is not the exclusive OEF operation on the continent of Africa. The other OEF mission in Africa is known as Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), which has, until the creation of the new Africa Command, been run out of European Command.^[2]

The Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) is the primary (but not sole) military component assigned to accomplish the objectives of the mission. The naval component is the multinational Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) which operates under the direction of the United States Fifth Fleet. Both of these organizations have been historically part of United States Central Command. In February of 2007, United States President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the United States Africa Command which took over all of the area of operations of CJTF-HOA in October of 2007.^[3]

Contents 1 Operations 1.1 Anti-piracy operations 1.1.1 January 21, 2006 1.1.2 March 18, 2006 1.1.3 June 3, 2007 1.1.4 October 28, 2007 1.2 Escalating tensions in Somalia 1.3 War in Somalia 1.4 Alleged operations in Somaliland 2 References

[edit] Operations

[edit] Anti-piracy operations

See also Combined Task Force 150

See also Piracy in Somalia

Pirates are rampant along the coast of Somalia and present a hazard to all shipping there, as such anti piracy operations are a routine part of Operation Enduring Freedom: Horn of Africa. The majority of combat actions fought in the campaign have been attacks against pirates rather than islamic militants. Indeed the only confirmed attack against US forces in the region was when pirates attacked a pair of American naval vessels.

[edit] January 21, 2006

On January 21, 2006, the USS Winston S. Churchill, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, captured a vessel operating off the Somali coast whose crew were suspected of piracy.^[4]

[edit] March 18, 2006

Main article: March 18, 2006 incident off Somalia

On March 18, 2006 the USS Cape St. George, a Ticonderoga-class cruiser and the USS Gonzalez, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, engaged pirate vessels after receiving fire from them.

[edit] June 3, 2007

Main article: June 3, 2007 incident off Somalia

On June 3, 2007 the USS Carter Hall, a landing ship dock engaged pirates attacking a freighter, but failed to repel them.

[edit] October 28, 2007

Main article: October 28, 2007 incident off Somalia

On October 28, 2007 the USS Porter, a destroyer opened fire on pirates who had captured a freighter and with other vessels blockaded a port the pirates attempted to take refuge in.

[edit] Escalating tensions in Somalia

Main article: Rise of the Islamic Courts Union (2006)

On July 1, 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there.^[5]

On July 11, 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) took control of the Somali capital Mogadishu, and by the beginning of December had firm control of most of the south of Somalia. In November, 2006, a United States Marine detachment was in the town of Garissa in Kenya's North Eastern Province, adjoining Somalia. Officially, the Marines were an engineering detachment conducting a humanitarian mission of drilling bore holes in conjunction with the Kenya military to support flood relief.^[6] However, locals speculated that the Marines were performing a reconnaissance mission close to the Somali border.^[7][8] On November 26, 2006, the U.S. Embassy in Kenya issued a travel alert to U.S. citizens regarding travel to Kenya or Ethiopia after letters allegedly written by the Somalian leader of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), Sheik Hassan Dahir Aweys, encouraged suicide terrorist attacks on US citizens in those two countries.^[9]

[edit] War in Somalia

Main article: War in Somalia (2006–present)

On December 14, 2006, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer warned that al-Qaeda cell operatives were controlling the Islamic Courts Union, the Islamist faction of Somalia rapidly taking control of the southern area of the country.^[10] The next day, ICU Information Secretary Abdirahim Ali Mudey denied the allegation as baseless.^[11] Frazer later announced that the United States has no intention of committing troops to Somalia to root out al-Qaeda.^[12]

On December 27, 2006, The New York Times reported analysts in Nairobi, Kenya claimed U.S. surveillance aircraft were funneling information to Ethiopian forces. Major Kelley Thibode, a spokeswoman for the task force of American military personnel based in Djibouti, said she was "not at liberty to discuss" the matter.^[13] Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi declared one of the key objectives of the offensive on Kismayo was the capture of three alleged al-Qaeda members, suspects wanted for the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa: Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan and Abu Taha al-Sudani. At the time, the United States Fifth Fleet's maritime task force (Combined Task Force 150^[14]) based out of Bahrain, was patrolling off the Somali coast to prevent terrorists launching an "attack or to transport personnel, weapons or other material," said Commander Kevin Aandahl.^[15] The announcement did not say what particular ships comprised the cordon, but the task force includes vessels from Canada, France, Germany, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the U.S. American ships of Combined Task Force 150 include the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Ramage and the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Bunker Hill.^[16] The aim of the patrols shifted on January 2, 2007, according to diplomats, to "… stop SICC leaders or foreign militant supporters escaping".^[17]

On January 2, 2006, U.S. Marines operating out of Lamu, Kenya, were said to be assisting Kenyan forces patrolling the border with Somalia with the interception of Islamists.^[18] On January 8 it was reported that an AC-130 gunship belonging to the United States military had attacked suspected al-Qaeda operatives in southern Somalia. It was also reported that the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower had been moved into striking distance.^[19] The aircraft flew out of its base in Djibouti. Many bodies were spotted on the ground, but the identity of the dead or wounded was not yet established. The targeted leaders were tracked by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as they headed south from Mogadishu starting on December 28.^[20] It was reported that the leader of al-Qaeda in East Africa, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, was killed in the attack, but later officials confirmed that he survived and also that none of the al-Qaeda operatives were killed. However, at least 8 militants of the ICU and at least 2 civilians were killed. On January 9 it was reported U.S. special forces and CIA operatives were working with Ethiopian troops on the ground in operations inside Somalia from a base in Galkayo, in Puntland, and from Camp Lemonier, Djibouti.^{[21] [22]} On January 12, a small team of U.S. forces investigated the site of the U.S. gunship attack to search for information about the identity and fate of the targeted individuals.^[23]

On January 17, 2007, the Assistant Deputy Secretary of Defense for African affairs, Theresa Whelan, clarifed the airstrike conducted on January 8 was not the work of the CJTF-HOA, but of another force which she did not specify. The target of the strike was confirmed to be Aden Hashi Farah Ayro, who was believed wounded or possibly dead, while eight members of his group were killed in the attack.^[24] Likewise, many airstrikes which resulted in civilian casualties around Afmadow conducted by Ethiopian aircraft were mis-attributed to the United States. On January 21 the capture of U.S. troops was reported by the ICU's Qaadisiya.com site,^[25] as well as the death of one due to malaria, but this assertion was denied as "utterly bogus" by Michael Ranneberger, U.S. Envoy to Kenya and Somalia.^[26] On January 24, the U.S. admitted to have made a second airstrike, but did not confirm the exact date or location of the strike.^[27] On February 1, 2007, the captured ICU leader Sharif Ahmed was released from Kenyan police authorities.^[28] He also was reported to have met with Michael Ranneberger allegedly to arrange for the release of the captured U.S. troops.^[29] By February 8, Sheikh Sharif Sheik Ahmed had gone to Yemen where other ICU members are also thought to have gone.^[30] On that day, reports in the Yememi Arabic newspaper Al-nedaa stated Sharif Ahmed's release was the first conditional step to arrange the release of varying reports of 11 or 15 United States Marines allegedly captured during fighting in southern Somalia at the Battle of Ras Kamboni. Four Marines were also alleged to have been wounded in the fighting.^[31][32] However, while these stories of captured American soldiers were prevalent in Somali media, they received little or no attention in the Western media. Yet another strike was conducted on March 2nd 2008 where at least one US naval vessel launched cruise missiles against an Al Qaeda target in a strike on the village of Dobley.

[edit] Alleged operations in Somaliland

On May 6, 2005, a United States Marine Corps unit reportedly landed in Somaliland, the autonomous and self-declared state in northern Somalia. The landings were purportedly conducted to carry out to search and question locals regarding the whereabouts of terrorist suspects. United States military officials denied the allegations and said operations were not being conducted in Somaliland.^[33]

[edit] References

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