Operation Agreement

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Operation Agreement Part of World War II, Western Desert Campaign Date September, 1942 Location North Africa Result Axis Victory Belligerents New Zealand Rhodesia United Kingdom Germany Italy Strength ~1,000 Unknown Casualties and losses 746 men 1 cruiser 2 destroyers 4 MTBs 2 MLs Several assault boats 16 killed[1] 50 [1] wounded 30 aircraft

v • d • e Battle of the Mediterranean Espero¹² – Mers-el-Kébir – Calabria¹² – Spada – Cape Passero¹ – Taranto – Spartivento¹ – Excess¹ – Abstention – Matapan – Tarigo² – Crete – Substance¹ – Halberd¹ – Duisburg² – Bon² – 1st Sirte¹² – Alexandria raid – 2nd Sirte¹ – Harpoon¹ – Vigorous¹ – Pedestal¹ – Agreement – Torch – Stone Age¹ – Toulon – Skerki² – Cigno² – Sicily – Sinking of Roma ¹ - Involved an Allied convoy • ² - Involved an Axis convoy

v • d • e Western Desert Campaign Invasion of Egypt – Compass – Sonnenblume – Tobruk – Brevity – Skorpion – Battleaxe – Flipper – Crusader – Gazala – Bir Hakeim – Bir-el Harmat – 1st Alamein – Alam Halfa – Agreement – 2nd Alamein

During World War II, Operation Agreement consisted of ground and amphibious attacks by British, Rhodesian and New Zealand forces and SIG on German and Italian-held Tobruk (Operation Daffodil), Benghazi (Operation Snowdrop), Jalo oasis (Operation Tulip) and Barce (Operation Hyacinth) launched on 13 September 1942. The assault on Tobruk failed badly; the British lost three ships and several hundred soldiers and Marines.

[edit] Objectives

The objectives were to undermine Axis efforts by destroying airfield and harbour installations and large oil stores and to recapture Jalo oasis.

[edit] Execution

G1 and T1 Patrols of the LRDG successfully attacked Barce and its airfield, destroying 16 aircraft and damaging 7 more.^[2]

The SAS, led by Lt. Col. David Stirling, supported by S1 and S2 Patrols of the LRDG, were to attempt a large-scale raid on Benghazi. However, after running behind the planned timetable their presence was discovered after a clash at a roadblock as dawn broke. With the element of surprise lost and the protection of darkness receding, Stirling decided not to go ahead with the attack and ordered a withdrawal.^[1]

The assault to take Jalo oasis was carried out by the Sudan Defence Force along with S1 and S2 Patrols of the LRDG. The first attack on the night of 15 September was easily repelled by the defenders who had been alerted of the operation and been strengthened. The attackers withdrew on 19 September as an Italian reinforcing column approached the oasis.^[2]

The main attack on Tobruk suffered from poor planning and coordination. The expected garrison had been strengthened and British warships bringing in the seaborne troops were ambushed by harbour defences. Another seaborne landing partially failed to reach its beach.

Allied strength for Operation Daffodil (the only one with amphibious landings) was about 400 Royal Marines, 180 Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, engineers from the sea and about 150 SAS from the desert. Losses were about 300 Royal Marines, 160 Army, 280 Royal Navy,^[1] one cruiser (HMS Coventry), two destroyers (HMS Sikh and Zulu), two Motor Launches, four MTBs and several small craft.

German and Italian losses were 16 killed and 50 wounded.

[edit] See also

• North African Campaign timeline

[edit] External links

• The Allied Special Forces Association - LIONS OF JUDAH - The raid on Tobruk

Operation Agreement also involved a platoon of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers under the command of Lt. (later Major) Ernest James Bowen Raymond MC. They were machine gunners trained for the mission at the Mustapha Barracks, Ras El Tin, Alexandria. Some of the RNF, notably Sgt. 'Dusty' Miller, incredibly made it onshore. Though there could have been problems with planning and coordination, the major issue was security; everyone in Cairo seemed to be aware of the 'secret' operation.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] References

• Smith, Peter Charles (1987). Massacre at Tobruk: The Story of Operation Agreement. London: Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0664-3. 
• Landsborough, Gordon (1989). Tobruk Commando: The Raid to Destroy Rommel's Base. London: Presidio Press. ISBN 1-85367-025-1. 
• Molinari, Andrea; Anderson, Duncan (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940-43. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, pp. 68 – 73. ISBN 1846030064. 

[edit] Notes

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