One Canada Square

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One Canada Square
1 Canada Square

The tallest building in the United Kingdom
Information
Location Flag of the United Kingdom London, England, UK
Coordinates 51°50′55″N 0°01′97″E / 51.84861, 0.04361
Status Complete
Constructed 1988-1991[1][2][3]
Use Commercial[4]
Height
Antenna/Spire 244 metres (800 ft) [5] above sea level, or 235.1 metres (771 ft)[6] above ground level.
(See height section for other quoted heights).
Technical details
Floor count 50[4]
Floor area 115,000 m² (1,238,000 sq ft)[7]
Elevator count 32 + 2 freight + 2 firemen[4]
Companies
Architect Flag of the United States César Pelli & Associates[7][8][9][10]
Flag of Canada Adamson Associates[11][8][10]
Flag of the United Kingdom Frederick Gibberd Coombes & Partners[8][12][10]
Structural
Engineer		 Flag of Canada MS Yolles & Partners[8]
Flag of the United Kingdom Waterman Partnership[13][8]
Contractor Flag of the United Kingdom Sir Robert McAlpine [10]
Flag of Canada Ellis Don[10]
Flag of the United States Lehrer McGovern[10]
Flag of the United Kingdom Bovis
Flag of Canada Olympia & York
+ approximately 40 sub-contractors
Developer Flag of Canada Olympia & York[14][2]
Owner Flag of the United Kingdom Canary Wharf Group plc (current majority shareholder is Songbird Estates plc[15])
Management Flag of the United Kingdom Canary Wharf Group plc

One Canada Square (also known as the Canary Wharf Tower[16]) is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. It is currently the tallest building in the United Kingdom at 244 metres (800 ft)[5] above sea level, or 235.1 metres (771 ft)[6] above ground level (see height section for other quoted heights). It is currently the sixth tallest building in the European Union.

Contents

[edit] A London landmark

One Canada Square is a conspicuous London landmark, clearly visible at a distance from large areas of East and South London in particular.

It appears that the tower can be seen approximately 30 miles away from the following observations: Its visibility reaches to Gore Hill, Amersham, around 28 miles (45 km) away, from where it, and the rest of Canary Wharf can be seen on a clear day. It can also be seen from the higher parts of the Lea Valley in southern Hertfordshire and Essex; this is particularly apparent when travelling towards London on the M11 motorway or A10 road. On a clear evening, the illuminated pyramid which forms the roof of the building can even be seen from ZSL Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire, over 32 miles (51 km) away. The building can also be seen from the hills overlooking Guildford, a distance of around 31 miles (50 km).

A view of the building from the ground up
A view of the building from the ground up

[edit] History and design

[edit] The original plans

The original plans for Canary Wharf being a business district came from G Ware Travelstead[10]. He wanted 3 different towers at Canary Wharf being 850 feet high[10]. Travelstead was unable to find the money for his project, so he sold the plans to Olympia & York in 1987[10].

[edit] Docklands Square and DS7

Olympia & York concentrated all 3 towers into an area[10] known as Docklands Square. One Canada Square was building number 7, being given a designation known as DS7[17] (D is Docklands[18], S is Square[18], 7 is Building 7). Docklands Square was later renamed as Canada Square.

[edit] Architects / Design

The architects chosen for One Canada Square were Cesar Pelli & Associates, Adamson Associates, and Frederick Gibberd Coombes & Partners[10][8].

One Canada Square is remarkably similar in design to Three World Financial Center, New York City, which was also developed by Olympia & York and designed by Cesar Pelli too. Olympia & York wanted to clad One Canada Square in stone, just like the World Financial Center buildings, but the architects insisted on steel[10] to reflect Britain’s heritage as an industrial nation[19].

The architects wanted to reflect the design of the tower like other London landmarks being simple geometric forms[19], such as St. Paul’s and the Houses of Parliament[19].

The design of the tower did gain a fair share of criticism. According to Cesar Pelli, the most damaging criticism came from Prince Charles who said "I personally would go mad if I had to work in a place like that"[20].

To comply with air traffic safety regulations, the architects took off 5 floors[10][19] of the tower. After losing 5 floors, Olympia & York insisted the other floors had to make up the lost floor space[10].

[edit] Construction

Construction on the tower began in 1988[10]. Construction was given to Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons in association with Ellis Don of Toronto[10], but they were so slow at building the tower, partly due to building workers going on strike in the Summer of 1989[21], so Lehrer McGovern took over[10].

On 8 November 1990, the tower was topped out when the top piece of the pyramid roof was put in place by crane.

[edit] Opening

In August 1991, One Canada Square was completed[10] and open for business.

[edit] Post-completion

The majority of the tower was empty after opening because most tenants had not moved in yet and there was a global recession.

During the Christmas celebrations of 1991, lights and lasers[22] were installed in One Canada Square. Some say this was to brighten up most of the dark windows.

In May 1992, the original developers, Olympia & York, went into bankruptcy administration. A majority of the tenants who were due to move into One Canada Square refused. (Only a handful of tenants actually believed in the Canary Wharf project and still moved in despite the bankruptcy situation.)

Over the next several years, ultimate ownership of the tower changed several times (see Ownership section).

In 1999, One Canada Square was completely let for the very first time. It took 11 years to fill up the tower (as tenants were first sought from the date of construction).

[edit] Building technical details

[edit] Building name

[edit] Official name

The official name given to the building is 'One Canada Square'[4].

[edit] Acceptable names

Royal Mail / The Post Office (as well as some building tenants and other sources) refers to the building as '1 Canada Square'[23][24].

The building has also been legally referred to as the 'Canary Wharf Tower'[25], rather than 'One Canada Square'.

[edit] Incorrect names and references

The incorrect names that have been used on One Canada Square are:

The building may have been referred to as the 'vertical Fleet Street', after several of London's newspapers moved from Fleet Street in the City of London to One Canada Square[33].

[edit] Building designation

The building designation for One Canada Square is DS7[17][34]. It stands for Docklands Square[18] 7.

[edit] Building height

[edit] Measurement methods

The height of the building may differ depending on:

  • measurement method (if it was measured to pinnacle height/spire height, highest occupied floor, roof height, pinnacle height)
  • if it is above ground or sea level
  • if the numbers were rounded (and to what extent)

[edit] Height of One Canada Square

The height of One Canada Square has been stated differently from many sources. Some of the measurements given to One Canada Square are as follows:

  • Officially, Canary Wharf Group state that the building is 800 feet (244 metres)[5] (Probably this has been rounded down, to the nearest hundredth of a foot, by above sea level)

The criteria for this measurement is:
1. Height is measured from pavement/sidewalk level of the main entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage or flag poles.
2. A completed building can be considered such if it fulfils all three of the following criteria:
2. a) topped out structurally and architecturally
2. b) fully-clad
2. c) open for business, or at least partially occupied

  • Skyscraper News (non-official site about Canary Wharf) state that the building is 235.1 metres[6] (Above ground level)
  • A publication called "Modern Docklands: Gazetteer of modern non-housing developments", "Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44" shows that from their research, the building is 824 feet[10], which implies the building is 251 metres. (Probably this is the exact height as given in the Olympia & York days. The figure is probably above sea level)

[edit] Other height information

Canary Wharf buildings cannot be much taller due to the interference with flight paths.

One Canada Square was reduced from 55 floors to 50 floors as it got in the way of the flight path[19] to London City Airport. Their management keeps a close eye on the building plans and applications made by Canary Wharf Group.

[edit] Pyramid roof

The pyramid roof at night
The pyramid roof at night

[edit] The pyramid lights

The pyramid roof lights up in the evenings and can be seen 20 miles away[36].

[edit] Inside the pyramid

The pyramid roof contains a maintenance plant. The following is what goes on inside.

[edit] Water

Water is pumped up to the pyramid roof, and is continuously rotated. A common sound that is heard inside the pyramid roof is water being moved around. There are two possible uses:

1) General water requirements, such as toilets, etc.

2) Water for the fire system. If a fire occurs inside the building, the sprinklers can get the water from the roof, as it is easier for water to flow downwards.

[edit] Window washing machines

The machines for washing the building windows are stored inside the pyramid roof. There are two types:

1) An automatic window washing machine that run on rails on the sides of the building. This machine can clean a window in seconds.

2) A manual window washing cradle.

Both of these machines for cleaning the windows are supported by rails that run around the outside of the pyramid roof that are bolted down into the maintenance floor itself.

[edit] Aircraft warning light
Canary Wharf: Aircraft warning lights
Canary Wharf: Aircraft warning lights

The aircraft warning light is at the very top of the pyramid. Access is via a ladder with a sign that warns of unauthorised entry will lead to dismissal.

[edit] Ventilation for HVAC

The HVAC (climate control) system release air and vapours through the pyramid roof. Sometimes in winter, the discharges can be clearly seen, and often mistaken as smoke, where local people have frequently called the fire brigade thinking the tower was on fire.

[edit] Electrical equipment

There is electrical equipment that regulates the power to the rest of the building on the mezzanine floor.

[edit] Facts about the pyramid

  • 40 metres high[37]
  • 30 metres square at the base[37]
  • made from stainless steel[37]
  • a louvre access door opens to allow a shining beacon to identify the building to passing aircraft[37]
  • weighs over 100 tons[37]
  • held together by 100,000 nuts and bolts[37]

[edit] Fire system

In the event of a fire, One Canada Square is not fully evacuated. Only the floor that has the fire and the floor above are evacuated. The fire sprinkler system is activated, air conditioning will work in reverse to extract smoke, and air is blown in from the emergency exits (so that smoke does not enter the emergency exits).

The only time when One Canada Square was fully evacuated was on 30 October 2001[38], during a test drill in response to the "September 11, 2001 attacks".

[edit] General figures

  • 40 flashes per minute, 57,600 flashes a day from the aircraft warning light at the top of the building[5]
  • 28,000 square feet average floor size[5]
  • 3,960 windows[5]
  • 4,388 internal steps[5]
  • 13 ¾ inches that the building can sway in the strongest winds[5]
  • 27,500 metric tonnes of British steel used during construction[5]
  • 500,000 bolts used during construction[5]

[edit] Building internal relations

[edit] Public access

A view from the top floor, May 2000
A view from the top floor, May 2000

The ground floor, foyer area and basement levels of One Canada Square are open to the general public, having an underground shopping area and a transport interchange from Canary Wharf tube and Docklands Light Railway stations. Access from the basement also links to Canada Square shopping mall[39].

The floors above the lobby are not opened to the public as they contain offices.

Despite its status as the United Kingdom's tallest building, there is currently no public observation floor. However, there was an exception during 12 September 1992 - 15 November 1992, when bankruptcy administrators for Olympia & York Canary Wharf Limited opened the 50th floor to the public, in order to maintain interest in Canary Wharf. The scheme was stopped on 15 November 1992 when the IRA attempted to bomb the tower[30] (see Terrorism section).

[edit] Light usage

Lights left on at Canary Wharf
Lights left on at Canary Wharf

One Canada Square was 'named and shamed' for being the top building to leave the lights on unnecessarily[40]. The research carried out by the BBC Inside Out team found that on midnight Sunday, One Canada Square left more lights on than any other building in London[40].

However, Canary Wharf Group did say that some tenants have staff working around the clock[40], and 100% of the energy comes from renewable resources[40].

[edit] 13th floor

Perhaps due to superstition, there is no rentable space on the thirteenth floor floor and instead the floors are numbered 11, 12, 14, 15.[6] Elevators travelling between the ground floor and 16th floor have a blank button for what should be the 13th floor. People claim that using the fire escape stairs reveals that the floors go straight from the 12th floor to the 14th floor with no space for an extra floor in between. They say that there are no observable signs of an extra floor from within the building or from outside. This view is similar to the remarks made by employees of The Daily Telegraph, who formerly occupied floors 11-16 of the tower.[citation needed]

This belief may have originated when the tower owners insisted that it was merely an architectural coincidence that the thirteenth floor of One Canada Square houses the air conditioning equipment and no rentable offices.[citation needed]

[edit] Tenants

[edit] Current tenants

(This listing differs from Canary Wharf Group's list[7] as it is outdated. This listing also does not match Royal Mail / The Post Office list when searching for companies in One Canada Square[23])

[edit] Previous tenants

[edit] Ownership

The ownership of One Canada Square has changed since it was constructed. The table below shows who have previously owned One Canada Square, and also who are the current owners.

Any use of a holding company has been excluded from this list, as it is easier to trace the true owner.

Date Owner
1988-1991 (Building under construction) Olympia & York Canary Wharf Limited (Ultimate parent: Olympia & York Developments Limited)
1991-1992 Olympia & York Canary Wharf Limited (Ultimate parent: Olympia & York Developments Limited)
1992-1993 None (previous owners were in administration due to bankruptcy)
1993-1995 Canary Wharf Limited (Parent: Sylvester Investments) (Ultimate parent: a consortium of 11 banks owned by Barclays Bank, CIBC, Chemical Bank, Citibank, Commerzbank, Credit Lyonnais, Credit Suisse, Kansallis-Osake-Pankki, Lloyds Bank, National Bank of Canada, and Royal Bank of Canada)
1995-1999 Canary Wharf Limited (Parent: International Property Corporation Limited) (Ultimate parent: a consortium owned by CNA Financial Corporation, Franklin Mutual Series Fund, HRH Prince Al Waleed bin Talal bin Abdulaziz al Saud, affiliates of Republic New York Corporation, Paul Reichmann)
1999-2004 Canary Wharf Group plc (public company, no majority shareholder)
2004- Canary Wharf Group plc (public company, majority shareholder is Songbird Estates plc)

[edit] External relations

[edit] Title dates

Titles such as the 'tallest building in the UK' has many methods to determine this. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) determines this by: when a building is complete, clad and at least partially open for business[49]. Another method is using the construction date of when a building surpassed the height of another building or structure. A third method is to use the top out date.

[edit] Tallest skyscraper in the European Union

There are two views that separate if One Canada Square was ever the tallest skyscraper in the European Union (not to be confused with the tallest skyscraper in Europe).

If it is based on completion date, then One Canada Square was never the European Union's tallest skyscraper as MesseTurm was completed in 1990[50], and One Canada Square was completed in 1991.

If based on construction structural height or topping out date, then One Canada Square was the European Union's tallest building[6][19] for a period of about six months before losing this title to MesseTurm, Frankfurt, Germany.

[edit] Tallest skyscraper in the UK

There are several views of when One Canada Square surpassed the previous tallest building in the United Kingdom, which was Tower 42 (formerly known as NatWest Tower) (183 m, 600 ft).

If based on completion date, then it is August 1991.

If based on top out date, then One Canada Square became the tallest building in Britain on 8 November 1990.

If based on construction structural height, then it is Summer 1990.

[edit] Tallest skyscraper in Canary Wharf

One Canada Square may be overtaken as the tallest building in Canary Wharf by Riverside Tower 1. The exact height of the final development has not been released by Canary Wharf Group with consideration the site is in preparation and not development. Planning permission has been granted to build to a maximum height of 241.1 metres[51] though development height may not reach this. Speculation on the height are as follows:

  • Architects Richard Rogers Partnership released a publication in 2007 stating the height will be 218 metres high[52], which is a few metres lower than One Canada Square.
  • The Wikipedia article on Riverside Tower 1 has stated the proposed height of 236 metres (770 ft), just one metre (three feet) taller than One Canada Square.

[edit] Terrorism

On 15 November 1992, the Provisional Irish Republican Army attempted to place a large improvised explosive device[30] near to the tower. The IRA had already worked out that to cause maximum damage, the bomb had to be placed under the Docklands Light Railway bridge to disrupt infrastructure and near to the Canary Wharf Tower for a devastating effect. The bomb was in a van which was driven to the designated place. As the bombers were about to make their escape, security guards approached the van because it was parked illegally on double yellow lines. Two men got out of the vehicle and pointed guns at the security guards. The security guards tried to calm the situation thus challenged the two men[30], but the men decided to flee the scene having accomplished their mission. Canary Wharf Security pursued them as far as the boundary of the wharf, but the men escaped. The police was called and it was later discovered that the vehicle contained a bomb. The detonator failed to ignite the main charge[53], and the bomb did not go off, so there was no bomb damage to Canary Wharf. A few days later, the IRA described it as 'sheer ill luck' as the bomb failed to detonate. There was criticism that the intelligence services did not know about this massive bomb travelling through London. As a result of this attempted bombing, the observation floor was closed (see Public access section) and security was dramatically increased at Canary Wharf.

On 9 February 1996, the IRA did detonate a large bomb at South Quay, south of Canary Wharf (outside of Canary Wharf), which killed two people and devastated several buildings. This explosion is commonly, but erroneously, referred to as the "Canary Wharf bomb"[54][55].

There have been many news articles in recent years stating that the towers at Canary Wharf have been a target for terrorist[56][57][58]. However, some of these plots have been denied by the government.[59]

On 4 April 2008, a terror cell appeared at Woolwich Crown Court accused of targeting Canary Wharf. The men deny the charges[60][61].

[edit] Community relations

[edit] Television interference

As the Canary Wharf Tower is the first skyscraper to be cladded in stainless steel with metallised windows, this may have caused television reception interference for local people living in the area. In the case Patricia Hunter and others v. Canary Wharf Ltd.[1997][25][62], the House of Lords concluded there is no legal right to receive good television reception[63]. Patricia Hunter and others lost the case because of a variety of reasons that included:

  • the B.B.C. built a new relay station so there was no long term television interference
  • it was interference with a purely recreational facility, as opposed to interference with the health or physical comfort or well-being of the plaintiffs
  • nothing was emitted from the defendants' land

In Spring 2001, the BBC received some television interference complaints from residents in the Poplar area[64] (north of Canary Wharf). A possible cause for the interference are the other Canary Wharf towers being built[64]. Their advice was to get digital television, satellite or cable.[64]

[edit] In popular culture

[edit] Cinema

In the movie Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry and some members of the Order of the Phoenix pass next to One Canada Square as they head to Grimmauld Place near the beginning of the movie on their broomsticks.

In the movie The Bourne Supremacy[65], One Canada Square appeared as the CIA's London listening station.

In the movie Johnny English[65], One Canada Square had another identical building next to it. One of the One Canada Square buildings was a hospital and the other was villain Pascal Sauvage's HQ.

The tower and the Docklands area around it are one of the main settings for the post-apocalyptic horror-thriller 28 Weeks Later[65].

In the movie The World Is Not Enough, James Bond sails past One Canada Square[65].

Other movies featuring the Canary Wharf Tower can be read from a publication called Canary Wharf And Isle Of Dogs Movie Map[65].

[edit] Television
The model in Miniland, Legoland Windsor, UK, showing a small model of a Dalek
The model in Miniland, Legoland Windsor, UK, showing a small model of a Dalek

In the British television series Doctor Who (as revealed in the episode Army of Ghosts), One Canada Square is the headquarters of the Torchwood Institute. In the series, its true name is "Torchwood Tower" and it was originally built to investigate a hole in reality 600 feet above London created by a Dalek Void Ship. It is the setting for the most of the two-part finale of season 2. This appearance has become so popular among the British public that in the Miniland model of One Canada Square in Legoland Windsor, a miniature Dalek Sec can be seen inside the building.

In the series The Tomorrow People, One Canada Square is the headquarters of Sam Rees, an immortal pharaoh. The pyramid at the building's top is used in the storyline as an ultraprecise pyramid used to harness Pyramid power to enable him to remain immortal.

One Canada Square has appeared in the TV show The Apprentice (UK)[65].

During the 1990s, One Canada Square was home to the television station L!VE TV[65].

[edit] Other

A near future sequence in the novel Freezeframes by Katharine Kerr, shows One Canada Square as a free college and youth drop-in centre. It is nicknamed "Major's Last Erection", referring to John Major.

One Canada Square previously appeared in the Virgin Missing Adventures novel Millennial Rites in which the top floor was the headquarters of a yuppie who inadvertently turned London into a "dark fantasy" kingdom in which he was a powerful sorcerer, with the tower as his citadel; and the Past Doctor Adventures novel The Time Travellers, in which it was the headquarters of the British Army in an alternate timeline.

One Canada Square also features prominently in an early issue of the Grant Morrison comic series The Invisibles, in which Dane MacGowan is encouraged to jump from the top by his mentor, Tom O'Bedlam, as an initiation rite that will allow him to see beyond reality and join The Invisibles.

[edit] Stunts

In 2002, French urban climber, Alain Robert, using only his hands and feet and with no safety devices of any kind, scaled the building's exterior wall to the 35th floor[66], when he gave up and had to be rescued with the window cleaning cradle. However, in 1995, he managed to scale all the way to the top[66].

[edit] Surrounding area: Canada Square

The square to the east of the tower was named after Canada[19] because it was built by the Canadian firm Olympia and York, which was owned by the Reichmann family. The company went bankrupt in the face of a property crash which caused the upper half of the tower to stand empty for some time following its completion.

There are two towers alongside, which are not quite as tall (at 200 m, 660 ft, each; the pyramid provides the height advantage): HSBC Tower (8-16 Canada Square) and Citigroup Centre (25 Canada Square).

[edit] Gallery

One Canada Square (centre) with HSBC Tower to the left and Citigroup Centre to the right

Street view

Side view

One Canada Square, London

Tower and clock

Tower

Tower top with surrounding buildings

Tower (left), HSBC (centre), Citigroup Centre (right)

Tower side view

One Canada Square with its neighbouring buildings at Canary Wharf

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Canary Wharf Contractors Limited, http://www.cwcontractors.com/projectsOneCanada.asp Some of our projects > One Canada Square > One Canada Square, Canary Wharf Contractors website, Canary Wharf Contractors Limited. Accessed 25 May 2008 15:30 BST.
  2. ^ a b Canary Wharf Group plc, http://www.canarywharf.com/mainFrm1.asp?strSelectedArea=History History, official Canary Wharf website, Canary Wharf Group plc. Accessed 25 May 2008 14:38 BST.
  3. ^ The Open University http://www.open2.net/modernity/3_17.htm A-Z Index > From Here to Modernity > Buildings > Canary Wharf > Canary Wharf, Open2 website, The Open University. Accessed 25 May 2008 15:39 BST. WARNING: THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS ERRORS.
  4. ^ a b c d Canary Wharf Group plc, http://www.canarywharf.com/estate/estate/ds7/info.htm The Estate > Buildings > One Canada Square > More information > One Canada Square Facts, official Canary Wharf website, Canary Wharf Group plc. Accessed 25 May 2008 14:45 BST.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Canary Wharf Group plc, http://www.canarywharf.com/factfile/1can_pagr2.asp Fact File > One Canada Square > One Canada Square, official Canary Wharf website, Canary Wharf Group plc. Accessed 25 May 2008 14:55 BST.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Skyscrapernews.com", http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=48 "One Canada Square", "Skyscrapernews.com", 15 May 2008. Accessed 25 May 2008 16:31 BST. WARNING: THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS ERRORS.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Canary Wharf Group plc, http://www.canarywharf.com/estate/estate/ds7/ds7_r.htm The Estate > Buildings > One Canada Square > Building profile > Building profile, official Canary Wharf website, Canary Wharf Group plc. Accessed 25 May 2008 14:52 BST.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Unknown author, http://www.building.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=32&storycode=3048265 "Faster, higher, stronger", Building website, Canary Wharf supplement 2005, 2005. Accessed 25 May 2008 14:26 BST.
  9. ^ Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects (formerly Cesar Pelli & Associates) http://www.cesar-pelli.com/ Projects > Office Buildings > One Canada Square > One Canada Square, Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects website, Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects. Accessed 25 May 2008 17:00 BST.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Hermione Hobhouse http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46550 "Modern Docklands: Gazetteer of modern non-housing developments", "Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs", 1994. Accessed April 28, 2008
  11. ^ Answers Corporation http://www.answers.com/topic/adamson-associates-2?cat=entertainment "Art Encyclopedia: Adamson Associates", "Answers.com" website, Answers Corporation. Accessed 25 May 2008 19:52 BST.
  12. ^ Gibberd http://www.gibberd.com/ Projects > Office > Canary Wharf > Canary Wharf, Gibberd website, Gibberd. Accessed 25 May 2008 19:46 BST. (Frederick Gibberd Coombes & Partners are now known as Frederick Gibberd Partnership)
  13. ^ Waterman Group http://www.watermangroup.co.uk/wg/download/book/Chapter4a.pdf "Ingenuity and Engineering - The Waterman Story - The first 50 years", Chapter 4, page 45 of document or page 11 of PDF file, Waterman Group website, Waterman Group, no publication date stated. Accessed 25 May 2008 20:04 BST.
  14. ^ John Grigsby http://www.lddc-history.org.uk/property/index.html "LDDC Monograph" "Attracting Investment - Creating Value Establishing a Property Market in London Docklands", LDDC History Pages, IJP Community Regeneration, 12th June 2007. Accessed 24 May 2008.
  15. ^ Songbird Estates plc http://www.songbirdestates.com/Corporate-Profile/index.asp Company Overview / AIM Rule 26 > 'Company Overview and Alternative Investment Market ("AIM") Rule 26', Songbird Estates website, Songbird Estates plc, 25 May 2008. Accessed 25 May 2008 20:08 BST.
  16. ^ Tallest Skyscrapers http://www.tallestskyscrapers.info/london-skyscrapers.php London Skyscrapers, see "One Canada Square" paragraph, Tallest Skyscrapers website, Tallest Skyscrapers. Accessed 25 May 2008 17:33 BST.
  17. ^ a b http://www.kimdesign.co.za/flash/InteractiveMap/2DMap/2Dmap.html Map of designations (Unable to find official source of the designations. This map is not from an official site)
  18. ^ a b c R.S. Davie, http://www.istructe.org/thestructuralengineer/HC/Abstract.asp?PID=5419 "Canary Wharf: Construction Working Practices", The Structural Engineer Archive website, The Institution of Structural Engineers, unknown publication date. Accessed 25 May 2008 20:12 BST.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Canary Wharf Group plc, http://www.visiteastlondon.com/downloads/Leaflets/history.pdf "Arts & Events", "Canary Wharf", "A different perspective", "Self-guided walking tours at Canary Wharf", "Transitions", 'Canary Wharf Group plc', May 2003. Accessed April 27, 2008
  20. ^ Paul Goldberger, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1D7133BF934A25752C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Review/Television; Prince Pronounces on State of Architecture", New York Times, The New York Times Company, 17 January 1990. Accessed 25 May 2008 15:44 BST. Warning: The New York Times have many articles on Canary Wharf and One Canada Square, most of which do contain factual errors.
  21. ^ Mark Leftly, http://www.building.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=1029202 "Reach for the sky", 'Canary Wharf Supplement June 2003', Building website, CMP Information Ltd, June 2003. Accessed 25 May 2008.
  22. ^ Peter Fink, Anne Bean, http://www.art2architecture.co.uk/alighted/canary1.htm "alighted city" > "New Year Installation, Canary Wharf, London" > "Light Year: New Year Installation, Canary Wharf, London", Art2Architecture website, Art2Architecture London Ltd. Accessed 25 May 2008 20:40 BST.
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[edit] See also

[edit] Canary Wharf

[edit] List of buildings/structures

[edit] Other developments

[edit] External links

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Canary Wharf, London
Notable addresses
One Canada Square · 8 Canada Square · Citigroup Centre · One Churchill Place · 10 Upper Bank Street · 40 Bank Street · 25 Bank Street · 1 Cabot Square · 5 Canada Square · 10 Cabot Square · 25 Cabot Square · 25 North Colonnade · 20 Canada Square · 50 Bank Street · 20 Bank Street · 20 Cabot Square · 30 South Colonnade · 11 Westferry Circus · 1 Westferry Circus · 17 Columbus Courtyard · 20 Columbus Courtyard · 15 Westferry Circus · 7 Westferry Circus
Transport links
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