Oliviero Carafa

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Oliviero Carafa (1430 – 20 January 1511) was an Italian Cardinal and diplomat of the Renaissance.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early ecclesiastic career 1.2 Cardinal Carafa in the Borgia court 1.3 Patron of arts 2 Reputation 3 Notes 4 References

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early ecclesiastic career

He was born in Naples to an illustrious house,^[1] prominent in the military and administrative service of the House of Aragon. His father Francesco was lord of Torre del Greco, Portici and Resina. Though he was elevated to the Archbishopric of Naples (18 November 1458) at a young age, his career was mainly as a statesman rather than an ecclesiastic. He retained the powerful and lucrative position until September 20, 1484, but kept control of the see at the heart of the Regno by ceding the position to his brother Alessandro, retaining his right to resume it should his brother die, by a papal brief. When that eventuality happened (July 1503), he was archbishop once more, ceding the title to his nephew Bernardino, who died within months, and then to Vincenzo. "What emerges clearly from this complicated pattern of exchanged titles is that Carafa was determined to retain the prestigious and wealthy title of Naples within his family's control."^[2]

Pope Paul II made him a cardinal of Santi Marcellino e Pietro on 18 September 1467, and Pope Sixtus IV appointed him legate to King Ferrante (Ferdinand) of Naples in 1471. Carafa was also named by Sixtus admiral of the pontifical fleet, which captured Smyrna from the Ottoman Turks under his command. Oliviero thus gained the reputation of an able military leader and the respect of Sixtus IV, who maintained him in his court despite his feud with Naples. In 1473 he was appointed protector of the teaching order of the Dominicans. In 1476, he succeeded Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia as bishop of Albano, which upgraded much his standing in the Roman Curia. In the conclave of 1484, Oliviero’s name was discussed as a possible successor of Sixtus IV, but his firm adhesion to Ferrante’s interests prevented his candidature. After Innocent VIII's election, Oliviero resigned the see of Naples in favour of his brother, Alessandro Carafa, and was raised to the bishopric of Salamanca, in Spain, which he retained till 1494. During the turbulent reign of Innocent VIII (1484-1492), Carafa acted as an ambassador of Naples to the Holy See, succeeded well in conciliating his King with the Church and received the gratitude of the Roman clergy.

[edit] Cardinal Carafa in the Borgia court

After Innocent's death (July 1492), Carafa endeavoured again to be made pope but was excluded from the first ballots of the 1492 Conclave (August). Despite his quarrel with his master, he acted in favour of Naples, supporting Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere against Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (whose Spanish descent seemed a threat to the Aragonese dynasty of Naples). After Borgia’s election as Alexander VI, Oliviero’s influence was not restrained (he replaced Borgia as dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals). The new Pope must have appreciated his diplomatic skills, for he bestowed upon him the Bishopric of Sabina, which Carafa gave up in 1503.

In 1494, Oliviero resigned the see of Chieti in favour of his teenage nephew Giovanni Pietro Carafa, later Pope Paul IV. During Alexander VI's reign, Oliviero gradually gave up his intervention in the Neapolitan affairs and was not engaged in the bull with which the Pope deposed the Aragonese dynasty of Naples in 1501.

[edit] Patron of arts

Carafa's income was estimated at 12,000 ducats a year.^[3] In Naples he brought the High Renaissance to the city in the richly decorated Succorpo in the crypt of the cathedral, designed to contain the relics of Saint Januarius in a sufficiently magnificent manner that it could serve also as his mortuary chapel; it was commenced in 1497 and completed in 1506.^[4] In Rome he established himself in a palazzo of the Orsini in the Parione, where he may have employed Donato Bramante to remodel the structure, which was replaced in the late eighteenth century by Palazzo Braschi. Carafa was an intellectual patron of Renaissance humanists and assembled a great library that was resorted to by scholars. In his household his nephew Giampietro Carafa, later Pope Paul IV, received a thorough training in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. There in 1501 the battered Roman marble dubbed "Pasquino" by the Romans was unearthed, and set upon a pedestal at the corner of Piazza di Pasquino and Palazzo Braschi, on the west side of Piazza Navona. He devoted himself to the patronage of art and benefited generously the Dominican church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, for the decoration of which he employed Filippino Lippi in 1488.

When Bramante arrived in Rome, his first architectural commission came from Carafa, the cloister at Santa Maria della Pace.

[edit] Reputation

During the last years of his life, which coincided with the pontificate of Pope Julius II, Carafa was regarded as a wise counsellor of the Church. He died on 20 January 1511. Like the majority of his era’s prelates, he displayed the magnificent way of life that was expected of a prince of the Church. As a man of affairs he set an example of conscientiousness for his contemporaries. His tomb is located in the Carafa Chapel of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, where his image has been immortalized by Filippino Lippi.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Frescoes by Filippino Lippi in the Carafa Chapel, Santa Maria sopra Minerva