Old Supreme Court Chamber
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The Old Supreme Court Chamber is the chamber on the ground floor of the north wing of the United States Capitol. From 1800 to 1806, the room served as the first chamber of the United States Senate, and from 1810 to 1860, the courtroom for the Supreme Court of the United States. The chamber possesses one of the first vaulted ceilings in the United States. It is semi-circular and seventy-four feet and eight inches wide, while fifty feet deep.[1]
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[edit] History and use
The area that became the courtroom for the Supreme Court began as larger chamber for the United States Senate. Construction on the North Wing, where the chamber was initially located began in 1793 with the laying of the cornerstone by President George Washington. The North Wing was then completed seven years later in November of 1800. Its completion represented the first opportunity for the Federal government to move into working quarters in Washington, D.C., and both houses of the United States Congress, the Library of Congress, and the Supreme Court moved from Philadelphia into the structure.[2]
The space that became the present day chamber was used by the Senate from 1800 to 1806, and was the location of President Thomas Jefferson's inauguration. However, by 1806, the North Wing was already deteriorating from heavy use and required repairs. The Architect of the Capitol at the time, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, decided that the repairs would provide opportunity to expand room space in the Capitol by dividing the chamber in half. The upper half would serve as a new chamber for the Senate (that area is now known as the Old Senate Chamber), and the lower half would be used for the Supreme Court.[1]
In 1844, Samuel Morse sent the first Morse coded message, which read, "What hath God wrought?", from this room.[3]
[edit] Construction and design
The chamber that Latrobe designed became one of the first vaulted ceilings in the United States, implementing an umbrella vault as a fireproof measure. Construction began in November 1806 with the demolition of the former two story Senate Chamber and office space above it, and lasted four years, unti; 1810. The process was not without tragedy, when an assistant to Latrobe, John Lenthall, Clerk of the Works, was killed upon removing a center wooden ceiling support prematurely against Latrobe's advice. The result was that the unfinished masonry ceiling collapsed crushing Lenthall in the process.[1]
Lenthall's death was a setback, not only to construction, but to Latrobe's reputation as an architect, which he was forced to struggle against for the rest of his career. Regardless, the chamber was completed by 1810 and the Supreme Court immediately set the room to use.
[edit] Fire of 1812 and reconstruction
The Supreme Court had barely had opportunity to hear cases in the chamber, before the justices were forced to leave Washington by the threat of British invasion during the War of 1812. On August 24, 1814, the British successfully took the city, and set fire to many of the recently completed buildings of the fledgling capital, including the North and South wings of the Capitol building. Despite the disaster which left much of the North wing gutted, the chamber with its fire proof ceiling survived intact. With safety in mind, however, Latrobe ordered the ceiling broken down and rebuilt for the final time in 1815. Latrobe resigned two years later, and it was under his successor, Charles Bulfinch, that the chamber was completed in 1819, in time for the next session of the Supreme Court.[1]
The Supreme Court resided in the chamber for the next forty-one years, until 1860. In that time period, the court heard arguments on such landmark cases as McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Dred Scott v. Sandford, and the The Amistad. Two Chief Justices—John Marshall and Roger Taney—presided over the Supreme Court in the chamber.[1]
[edit] Post-Supreme Court and restoration
Upon the departure of the Supreme Court to the Old Senate Chamber upstairs in 1860, the chamber was put to use as a law library. After the Supreme Court finally vacated the Capitol building itself for their present-day quarters in the Supreme Court building, the room was used as a reference library, and later as a committee room for the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy from 1955 to 1960. From 1960 to 1972, the chamber was given the rather mundane purpose of being a storage room, until Congress voted to restore the chamber to its antebellum appearance.
An 1854 diagram of the chamber was used to establish the layout and positioning of furniture in the chamber, and a portrait of John Marshall provided clues towards a mahogany railing and the carpet pattern. Still existing furnishings in the possession of the United States Capitol were sent to the chamber, as well as donated items such as Roger Taney's chair. By 1975, the chamber was opened to the public and has served as a museum ever since.[1]
[edit] Artwork in the Old Supreme Court Chamber
There are several notable pieces of artwork in the Old Supreme Court Chamber. There are four marble busts of the first four Chief Justices of the Supreme Court: John Jay, John Rutledge, Oliver Ellsworth, and John Marshall. A bust of Roger Taney, as well his original robe on display, is found in the adjacent Robing Room, which serves as the entrance for visitors into the chamber. Above one fireplace is a clock ordered by Roger Taney, and set five minutes forward under his direction to promote promptness on the court proceedings. Above the clock is a plaster relief of Lady Justice, notable for a lack of blindfold. She is accompanied by America, depicted as a winged youth, holding the United States Constitution as a star overhead shines light upon the document. Although never specified by the artist, Justice looks to the document with her unblinded eyes. An eagle seen protecting law books and an owl beneath Justice two symbolic birds are featured in the sculpture. The relief was the work of Carlo Franzoni in 1817.[1]
