Octroi
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Octroi (0. Fr. octroyer, to grant, authorize; Lat. auctor) is a local tax collected on various articles brought into a district for consumption.
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[edit] Antiquity
Octroi taxes have a respectable antiquity, being known in Roman times as vectigalia. These vectigalia were either the portorium, a tax on the entry from or departure to the provinces (those cities which were allowed to levy the portorium shared the profits with the public treasury); the ansarium or foricarium, a duty levied at the entrance to towns; or the edulia, sale imports levied in markets. Vectigalia were levied on wine and certain articles of food, but it was seldom that the cities were allowed to use the whole of the profits of the taxes. Vectigalia were introduced into Gaul by the Romans, and remained after the invasion by the Franks, under the name of tonlieux and coutumes.
[edit] Middle Ages
They were usually levied by the owners of seigniories. But during the 12th and 13th centuries, when the towns succeeded in asserting their independence, they at the same time obtained the recognition of their right to establish local taxation, and to have control of it. The royal power, however, gradually asserted itself, and it became the rule that permission to levy local taxes should be obtained from the king. From the 14th century onwards, we find numerous charters granting (octroyer) to French towns the right to tax themselves. The taxes did not remain strictly municipal, for an ordinance of Cardinal Mazarin (in 1647) ordered the proceeds of the octroi to be paid into the public treasury, and at other times the government claimed a certain percentage of the product, but this practice was finally abandoned in 1852.
[edit] Tax farming
From an early time the octroi was farmed out to associations or private individuals, and so great were the abuses which arose from the system that the octroi was abolished during the French Revolution. But such a drastic measure meant the stoppage of all municipal activities, and in 1798 Paris was allowed to re-establish its octroi. Other cities were allowed gradually to follow suit, and in 1809 a law was passed laying down the basis on which octrois might be established. Other laws were passed from time to time in France dealing with the octroi, especially those of 1816, 1842, 1867, 1871, 1884 and 1897. By the law of 1809 octroi duties were allowed on beverages and liquids, eatables, fuel, forage and building materials. A scale of rates was fixed, graduated according to the population, and farming out was strictly regulated. A law of 1816 enacted that an octroi could only be established at the wish of a municipal council, and that only articles destined for local consumption could be taxed. The law of 1852 abolished the 10% of the gross receipts paid to the treasury. Certain indispensable commodities were allowed to enter free, such as grain, flour, fruit, vegetables and fish.
French octroi duties were collected either by the (1) regie simple, i.e. by special officers under the direction of the mayor; (2) by the bail à ferme, i.e. farming, the contractor paying yearly a certain agreed upon sum calculated on the estimated amount; (3) the regie interesse, a variation of the preceding method, the contractor sharing the profits with the municipality when they reached a given sum; and (4) the abonnement avec la regie des contributions indirectes, under which a department of the treasury undertook to collect the duties. More than half the octrois were collected under (1), and the numbers tend to increase; (2) is steadily decreasing, while (3) has been practically abandoned; (4) tends to increase. The gross receipts in 1901 amounted to 11,132,870 francs. A law of 1897 created new sources of taxation, giving communes the option of (1) new duties on alcohol; (2) a municipal license duty on retailers of beverages; (3) a special tax on wine in bottle; (4) direct taxes on horses and carriages, clubs, billiard tables and dogs; (5) additional centimes to direct taxes.
From time to time there was agitation in France for the abolition of octroi duties, but it was never pushed very earnestly. In 1869 a commission was appointed to consider the matter, and reported in favor of their retention. Octrois were finally abolished in 1948.
In Belgium, on the other hand, they were abolished in 1860, being replaced by an increase in customs and excise duties; and in 1903 those in Egypt were also abolished.
[edit] Current
As of 2006, octroi is levied in Ethopia and in some states of India, (Maharashtra [1] , Punjab, and Gujarat.)
[edit] Sources
- A. Guignard, De la suppression des octrois (Paris);
- Saint Julien and Bienaim, Histoire des droits d'octroi à Paris;
- M. Tardit and A. Ripert, Traite des octrois municipaux (Paris, 1904);
- L. Hourcade, Mcmuel encyclopedique des contributions indirectes et des octrois (Paris, 1905);
- Much useful matter from some of the foregoing will be found in Report on the French Octroi System, by Consul-general Hearn (British Diplomatic and Consular Reports^ 1906);
- The abolition of the Belgian octrois produced a voluminous official report: Abolition des octrois communaux en Belgique: documents et discussions parlementaires.
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
[edit] References
- ^ [www.asbindia.org/page.cfm?p=83 American School of Bombay]
