Observation tower
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An observation tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least 20 meters (65.6 ft) tall and made from stone, iron, and wood. Many modern towers are also used as TV towers, restaurants, or churches. The towers first appeared in Germany at the end of the 18th century,[citation needed] and their numbers steadily increased, especially after the invention of the elevator. There are many notable observation towers in the world today.
Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead.
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[edit] Construction and usage
Observation towers are an easily visible sight on the countryside, as they must rise over trees and other obstacles to ensure clear vision. Older control rooms have often been likened to medieval chambers. The heavy use of stone, iron, and wood in their construction helps to create this illusion. Modern towers frequently have viewing platforms or terraces with restaurants or on the roof of mountain stations of an aerial ropeway. Frequently observation towers are used also as location of radio services within the UHF/VHF range (FM sound broadcasting, TV, public rural broadcasting service, and portable radio service). In some cases this usage of the tower is at least as important as its use as an observation tower. Such towers are usually called TV towers or telecommunication towers. Many towers are also equipped with a tower restaurant and allow visitors access via elevators. Also common is the usage of water towers as observation towers. As in the case of TV towers the visitor will usually reach the observation platform by elevator, which is usually at a lower height above ground The typical height of the observation platform of water towers is 20 meters up to 50 meters, while the typical height of the platform of TV towers is from 80 meters up to 200 meters. Finally, some church towers may have observation platforms, albeit often without an elevator. Many other buildings may have towers which allow for observation.
[edit] Types of observation towers
[edit] Dedicated observation towers
In particular in the time before World War I wanderer associations and in addition, some municipalities, built observation towers on numerous summits. Usually these towers were built of stones, however sometimes also wood or iron were used. At nearly all these towers the access to the observation deck, which is usually in a height between 5 and 40 meters is only possible over stairs. Most of these towers are used only as observation tower for the tourism, however some of these towers might have also been used at times of high forest fire risk as fire observation posts or in times of war as military observation posts beside it anti-aircraft position present. A further use is not intended at most of these buildings, although some of these towers carry today also antennas for police/fire engine radio, portable radio or low power FM- and TV-transmitters. In addition, there are such towers with more extensive use.
So the observation tower on Rossberg mountains in Reutlingen contains a hotel in its structure. Although most of these towers were built in the time before World War I (for the first time), it should not be forgotten that also still today such structures are built, in particular as attraction on horticultural shows. Modern observation towers are in most cases not built of bricks any more, instead concrete, steel and wood structures are preferred. Older observation towers have frequently a flag pole on its top. Some of these towers are permanently accessible, either free of charge or over a spider, where the admission fee is paid.
Others are accessible only at certain times, in most cases only against payment of an admission fee. At these towers the platform is usually open. Some of these towers have a restaurant in the basement. Dedicated observation towers are also sometimes in amusement parks, however in parks where you pay not for each attraction separately, panorama rides are preferred.
[edit] Watch Towers
Watch towers are observation towers, on which persons supervise a larger area. Strictly speaking, control towers also fall into this category, although surveillance from these structures is mostly done in a non-optical way using Radar. Watch towers usually have a closed pulpit to protect the observer against bad weather. Watch towers do not have an elevator as a rule, since these buildings are mostly not higher than 20 meters. Active watch towers are not as a rule accessible to the public, since they usually serve for the monitoring of sensitive ranges. However watch towers can be quite ordered for forest fire monitoring a platform accessible for the public or be used during times without forest fire risk as observation towers. Shut down watch towers can however be easily converted to observation towers.
[edit] Radio Towers
Also some radio towers were so built that they can be used apart from their function as transmitting tower also as observation tower. A condition for this is a sufficiently stable construction, which permits a permanent safe visitor entrance without interruption of the transmission services. This is the case for towers for radio services in the UHF/VHF-range the case, not however for most types of radio towers for long and medium wave, why a use of these structures as observation tower is impossible in most cases. That the use of a tower as radio tower for medium wave and observation tower not well fits, showed up in Radio Tower Berlin, which originally carried together with a 80 meters high mast an t-antenna for medium wave and stands on insulators. However one notices at the first experimental transmissions that at the tower voltages would arise, which would have unpleasant consequences for visitors and so the tower was grounded by the elevator shaft. However this shifted direction of main beam of transmitter away from actual supply area, the city of Berlin. As before World war II nearly whole radio traffic took place in the long -, medium and shortwave range, first after World war II with introduction of radio services in UHF/VHF-range required towers only acting as antenna carriers, radio towers with observation platforms built. For this the closed reinforced concrete construction way was nearly always used. Radio towers with observation decks often serve for TV transmission or for radio relay link services and are called therefore usually TV tower or telecommunication tower. As a rule an elevator is available in these buildings for the visitors of the observation platform, as the observation platform lies usually very highly (mostly within the range between 50 and 200 meters, at some towers also more highly). Many of these towers have also a tower restaurant, which can be designed as revolving restaurant. While tower restaurants for the protection of the restaurant guests from the wind are in closed rooms, the prospect platform can be open or in a closed room. An open platform is more favorable for photographing, since no reflexes at the disk arise, while closed platforms are for many visitors more pleasant. Prospect outlooks on TV towers are opened only at certain times and their entrance is possible only under payment of an admission fee.
[edit] Highrise buildings
Also numerous highrise buildings have observation decks, sometimes even a restaurant. The height of these platforms, which can be glassed or open-air depend on the height of the building, where they are most common in the utmost floor. As a rule the access, that requires nearly always the payment of an admission fee, is possible an elevator and is only possible at dedicated opening times.
[edit] Water towers
Also numerous water towers have, a usually open-air observation deck opened for public traffic, whose height is mostly as the height of older observation towers in the height range between 10 and 50 meters. It can be reached depending upon tower by stairs or by an elevator. Some water towers have also a tower restaurant. Prospect platforms of water towers are nearly only accessible under payment during the opening times, which are different for each tower.
[edit] Church towers
Also some church towers possess observation decks. However elevators are only available in rare cases. The entrance of this platform is in contrast to the entrance of the church usually only possible under payment an admission fee at the opening times of the church. The height of the observation decks is usually in the range between 20 and 50 meters. The platform is nearly always open-air.
[edit] Lighthouses
Some lighthouses have a prospect platform opened for public traffic. It is possible as a rule only over stairs to the opening times of the tower under payment of an admission fee. The prospect platform of the lighthouse, which lies usually between 10 and 50 meters highly, is unverglast nearly always.
[edit] Sports facilities
Also some sports facilities have high buildings with observation decks. This is often the case at ski jumps, as these have a tower and are usually unused in the summer. In addition, there are other sports facilities with observation decks, like the inclined tower of the Montreal Olympic stadium. Access to the platform of nearly all sports facilities with observation deck is only possible during opening times after paying an admission fee. Depending upon the building the access can be done by an elevator and/or a stairway. The platforms can be vitreous or open. The height above ground lies usually between 10 and 50 meters.
[edit] Monuments
Also some large tower-like monuments possess opened prospect platforms for public traffic. It is attainable with most of these buildings only over stairs, it gives in addition, monuments with those an elevator to the prospect platform leads. The entrance to the platform is possible with most monuments only during the opening times under payment of an admission fee. The prospect platforms with most monuments are unverglast and at heights between 10 and 60 meters.
[edit] Panorama rides
A further category of "observation towers" are panorama rides, like Ferris wheels, which are either fix installed structures in amusement parks or set up for beer festivals. The use of panorama rides requires always paying a fee and is only possible during the periods of operation. In contrast to other observation towers at panorama rides the time you can enjoy the view is limited only to few minutes. As a rule the panorama can be enjoyed upon departure, until the maximum height is reached. The maximum height is approximately 80 metres for transportable and 150 metres for stationary rides.
Panorama rides are less common than they once were, with many either being removed, or converted into thrill rides.
[edit] Other towers
There are also some very unusual observation towers, which fit not well into one of these categories. Examples for this are the Henninger Turm, a grain silo with tower restaurant and observation deck in Frankfurt, the bell tower of Berlin Olympic stadium, whose platform is accessible by an elevator, the winding tower of the mining industry museum in Bochum , which has an open-air observation deck to which an elevator runs or a wind turbine in Holtriem wind park, which is equipped with a closed platform accessible over stairs. Also aerial tramway support towers, which serve as observation tower (and aerial tramway station), were realized, like Torre Jaume I in Barcelona. Even on the pylons of suspension bridges were already observation decks installed, as the example of Nový Most in Bratislava shows.
In principle the installation of an observation deck is possible at nearly all high buildings of sufficient stability, which can be safely entered by public traffic. However such a platform would not be sensitive on a chimney, as it would be possible that under unfavorable weather conditions visitors on the observation deck can be annoyanced or even endangered by the flue gases. Nevertheless, there is in Prague, Czech a chimney equipped with an observation deck, which is called Dům Dětí a Mládeže v Modřanech.
Also on electricity pylons observation decks were obviously not installed so far.
[edit] History
[edit] In Germany
In Germany, observation towers first appeared on the countryside at the end of the 18th century. These early towers were often built by wealthy aristocrats. It wasn't until the mid-19th century that citizens took control of the construction of such towers. In Austria and Switzerland many observation towers were established by alpine and tourist associations, and continue to be cared for by them. In the Waldigen Mountains, many citizen committees were active. Because of the long reign of emperor Franz Joseph, many observation platforms carry the name "anniversary observation platform". The invention of the elevator in the late 19th century made taller observation platforms possible. Most notably, the Eiffel Tower and the Blackpool Tower were built in this era. Radio towers developed as combined sending and observation tower between 1924 and 1926 in the city of Berlin. After the second world war, a great need for tall observation towers arose, due to their dual usage as television and radio transmitters. In large cities, the desire existed to provide these towers with a tower restaurant and a viewing platform, in order to make the building of towers more economical via admission fees and increased notability. Several water towers were also built with this in mind, but many have not survived to the modern day.
[edit] Special observation towers
[edit] In Germany
[edit] Radio Tower Berlin
Radio Tower Berlin is a radio tower in Berlin, standing 150 meters tall. It was built by Straumer, and has a steel lattice construction. It was inaugurated on September 3, 1926, to much delight by citizens, as it was a technological achievement at that time. The first world-wide FM radio programs were broadcast from this tower. It also broadcast the first regular television program, the 1936 Summer Olympics. The tower is the only radio tower which holds an insulator to have an observation deck.
[edit] Henninger Turm
Henniger Turm is the world's only silo tower with an observation deck accessible to the public.
[edit] Windpark Holtriem
Windpark Holtriem is the only windmill with an observation deck accessible to the public.
[edit] Torre Jaume I
Torre Jaume I is a support pillar of the aerial tramway in Barcelona. It is equipped with an observation deck.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
Joachim Kleinmanns: Schau ins Land. Aussichtstürme. Marburg: Jonas-Verlag, 1999, 152 S. brosch., 20 EUR, ISBN 3-89445-252-8
