Obelisks in Rome

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There are eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks in Rome, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome.

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[edit] Ancient Egyptian obelisks

At least eight obelisks created in antiquity by the Ancient Egyptians were taken from Egypt after the Roman conquest and brought to Rome.

# Image Name Pharaoh Height (with base) Location Notes
1. Lateranense Tuthmosis III / Tuthmosis IV 32.18 m (45.70 m) Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano Tallest obelisk in Rome, and the largest standing ancient Egyptian obelisk in the world, weighing over 230 tons. Originally from the temple of Amun in Karnak. Brought to Rome by Constantius II in 357 to decorate the spina of the Circus Maximus. Found in three pieces in 1587, restored approximately 4 m shorter by Pope Sixtus V, and erected near the Lateran Palace and basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano in 1588 in the place of the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, which was moved to the Capitoline Hill.
2. Vaticano Unknown (Amenemhat II?), 13th century BC 25.5 m, supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the Chigi arms in bronze, in all 41 m to the cross on its top. Saint Peter's Square
The old Basilica of Saint Peter with the obelisk at the left in its original place.
The old Basilica of Saint Peter with the obelisk at the left in its original place.
Re-erection of the obelisk in 1586
Re-erection of the obelisk in 1586
From Heliopolis, but lacks hieroglyphs. Brought to Rome by Caligula in 37 for the spina of the Vatican Circus. Relocated by Pope Sixtus V in 1586 using a method devised by Domenico Fontana; the first monumental obelisk raised in the modern period, it is the only obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since Roman times. During the Middle Ages, the gilt ball on top of the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of Julius Caesar.[1] Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Rome museum, that stood atop the obelisk and found only dust. Pero Tafur in his Andanças[2] (circa 1440) mentions that many passed between the ground and the "tower" basis "thinking it a saintly thing".
3. Flaminio Seti I / Ramesses II 24 m (36.50 m) Piazza del Popolo Originally from Heliopolis. Brought to Rome by Augustus in 10 BC with the Solare obelisk and erected on the spina of the Circus Maximus. Found with the Lateranense obelisk in 1587 in two pieces and erected by Pope Sixtus V in 1589. Sculptures with lion fountains were added to the base in 1818.
4. Solare Psammetichus II 21.79 m (33.97 m) Piazza di Montecitorio Originally from Heliopolis. Brought to Rome by Augustus in 10 BC with the Flaminio obelisk to form the gnomon of a sundial on the Campus Martius. Found in 16th century but reburied. Rediscovered and erected by Pope Pius VI in front of the Palazzo Montecitorio in 1792.
5. Macuteo Ramesses II 6.34 m (14.52 m) Piazza della Rotonda Originally one of a pair at the Temple of Ra in Heliopolis, the other being the now much shorter Matteiano. Moved to the Temple of Isis near Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Found in 1373 near San Macuto and erected east of Santa Maria in Aracoeli on the Capitoline. Moved to the front of the Pantheon by Pope Clement XI in 1711 over a fountain by Filippo Barigioni.
6. Minerveo Apries 5.47 m (12.69 m) Santa Maria sopra Minerva Originally one of a pair from Sais. Brought to Rome by Diocletian for the nearby Temple of Isis. Found in 1655 and erected in 1667 by Pope Alexander VII on an Elephant base by Bernini, behind the Pantheon. The other of the pair is in Urbino.
7. Dogali Ramesses II  ? (6.34 m) Baths of Diocletian Originally one of a pair from Heliopolis, the other now in the Boboli Gardens in Florence. Moved to the Temple of Isis in Rome. Found in 1883 by Rodolfo Lanciani near Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Now commemorates the Battle of Dogali, originally in front of Near Termini Station and moved to its present site in 1924.
8. Matteiano Ramesses II 2.68 m (12.23 m) Villa Celimontana Originally one of a pair at the Temple of Ra in Heliopolis, the other being the Macuteo which retains much more of its original height. Moved to the Temple of Isis near Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Found in the 14th century and erected east of Santa Maria in Aracoeli on the Capitoline. Moved to Villa Celimontana after Michelangelo redesigned the square in the late 16th century. Lost again; fragments rediscovered and re-erected in 1820. Smallest obelisk in Rome.

[edit] Ancient Roman copies

At least five obelisks were manufactured in Egypt in the Roman period at the request of the wealthy Romans, or made in Rome as copies of ancient Egyptian originals.

# Image Name Height (including base) Location Notes
1. Agonalis 16.53 m (over 30 m) Piazza Navona A copy commissioned by Domitian and erected at the Temple of Serapis. Moved to the Circus of Maxentius by Maxentius. Erected on top of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi by Bernini in 1651.
2. Quirinale 14.63 m (28.94 m) Piazza del Quirinale An Aurelian creation for the Mausoleum of Augustus, almost identical to the Esquiline obelisk. Found in 1527. Erected by Pope Pius VI in 1786 on the Quirinal Hill next to statues of the Dioscuri (called the 'Horse Tamers') from the Baths of Constantine.
3. Esquiline 14.75 m (25.53 m) Piazza dell'Esquilino An Aurelian creation for the Mausoleum of Augustus, almost identical to the Quirinale obelisk. Found in 1527 and erected in 1587 by Pope Sixtus V behind Santa Maria Maggiore.
4. Sallustiano 13.91 m (30.45 m) Trinità dei Monti Above the Spanish Steps. An Aurelian copy, although smaller, of the Flaminio obelisk of Ramses II in the Piazza del Popolo, for the Gardens of Sallust. Found by the Ludovisi and moved to the Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano in 1734, but kept horizontal. Erected in 1789 by Pope Pius VI.
5. Pinciano 9.24 m (17.26 ) Pincian Hill Commissioned and erected by Hadrian in Egypt to honour Antinous. Moved to Rome by Elagabalus to decorate the spina of the Circus Varianus. Found in the 16th century near the Porta Maggiore. Moved to the Palazzo Barberini, then moved to the Vatican by Pope Clement XIV; finally erected on the Pincian by Pope Pius VII in 1822.

[edit] Obelisk of Axum

The Obelisk of Axum in Rome in 2002.
The Obelisk of Axum in Rome in 2002.
The Marconi obelisk, in the centre of the EUR district.
The Marconi obelisk, in the centre of the EUR district.
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There was also an Ethiopian obelisk in Rome, the Obelisk of Axum, 24 m, placed in the Piazza di Porta Capena. It had been taken from Axum by the Italian Army during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in 1937. It was struck by lightning in May 2002. After being restored, it was disassembled and returned to Ethiopia in April 2005.

[edit] Modern obelisks

There are four well-known modern obelisks in Rome:

  1. Villa Medici, 19th century copy of the original, found in the gardens and taken to Florence.
  2. Two obelisks in the Villa Torlonia, 1842, Baveno granite
  3. Foro Italico, 1932, 17.5 m, Carrara marble, originally dedicated to Benito Mussolini, and inscribed Mussolini Dux
  4. Marconi, 1959, 45 m, in the centre of the EUR district, dedicated to Guglielmo Marconi, built for the 1960 Summer Olympics. 92 panels in white marble contain illustrations of Marconi's career and allegorical scenes.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Touring Club Italiano, Roma e Dintorni.
  2. ^ Pero Tafur's Andanças (1874 edition) referenced in the Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, Joan Corominas, José Antonio Pascual, 1987, Editorial Gredos, Tome I, ISBN 84-249-1361-2, entry carnicol, page 880.

[edit] External links

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