O. Winston Link

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Ogle Winston Link[1] (December 16, 1914 – January 30, 2001), known commonly as O. Winston Link, was an American photographer. He is best known for his black and white photography and sound recordings of the last days of steam locomotive railroading in the United States in the late 1950s. A commercial photographer, Link helped establish rail photography as a hobby. He also pioneered night photography, producing several well known examples including Hotshot Eastbound, a photograph of a steam train passing a drive-in movie theater,[2] and Hawksbill Creek Swimming Hole showing a train crossing a bridge above children bathing.[3]

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[edit] Early life

Link and his siblings, Eleanor and Albert Jr., spent their childhood in Brooklyn, New York, where they lived with their parents Albert Sr. and Anne. Albert Link taught woodworking in the New York City Public School system, and he encouraged his children's interest in arts and crafts and first introduced Winston to photography.

Link's early photography was created with a borrowed medium format Autographic Kodak camera. By the time he was in high school he had built his own photographic enlarger.[4] After completing high school, Link attended the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, receiving a degree in civil engineering. Before his graduation in 1937, Link spoke at a banquet for the institute's newspaper, where he served as photo editor. An executive from Carl Byoir's public relations firm was present and was impressed by Link's speaking ability. He offered Link a job as a photographer.[5]

[edit] Career

Link worked for Carl Byoir and Associates for five years, learning his trade on the job. He adapted to the technique of making posed photographs looking candid, as well as creatively emphasizing a point. Some of Link's photographs from this time included an image of a man aiming a gun at a pig wearing a bulletproof vest, and one eventually known as "What Is This Girl Selling?" or "Girl on Ice," which was widely published in the United States and later featured in Life as a "classic publicity picture." According to Thomas Garver, once assistant to Link, Link's employ at Byoir's firm "clearly defined a point of view and developed working methods that were to shape his entire career."[6]

With the war consuming much of the rest of the world and soon to reach the United States, and unable to join the military due to mumps-induced hearing loss, Link left Byoir's employ in 1942 to work for the Airborne Instruments Laboratory, part of Columbia University. Drawing on both his university degree and professional photographic experience, Link worked at the laboratory as both project engineer and photographer. The laboratory was then researching a device for low-flying airplanes to detect submarines underwater. Link's main responsibility was photographing the project for the United States' government.[7]

In 1945, with the end of the war, Link's employment at the Airborne Instruments Laboratory also ended. Byoir invited Link back, but Link instead opened his own studio in New York City in 1946; his clients included Goodrich, Alcoa, Texaco, and Ethyl.[8]

[edit] Rail photography: Norfolk and Western project

While in Staunton, Virginia for an industrial photography job in 1955, Link's longstanding love of railroads became focused on the nearby Norfolk and Western Railway line. N&W was the last major (Class I) railroad yet to make the transition from steam to diesel motive power and had refined its use of steam locomotives, earning a reputation for "precision transportation". Link took his first night photograph of the road on 21 January 1955 in Waynesboro, Virginia. On 29 May 1955 the N&W announced its first conversion to diesel and Link's work became a documentation of the end of the steam era. He returned on around twenty visits to Virginia to continue photographing the N&W. His last night shot was taken in 1959 and the last of all in 1960, the year the road completed the transition to diesel, by which time he had accumulated 2400 negatives on the project.[9]

Although it was entirely self-financed, Link's work was encouraged and facilitated by N&W officials, from President Robert Hall Smith downwards. Besides the locomotives, he captured the people of the N&W performing their jobs on the railroad and the trackside communities. Some of his images were of the massive Roanoke Shops, where the company had for long built and maintained its own locomotives.[9]

Link's images were always meticulously set up and posed, and he chose to take most of his railroad photographs at night. He said "I can't move the sun — and it's always in the wrong place — and I can't even move the tracks, so I had to create my own environment through lighting."[10] Although others, including Philip Hastings and Jim Shaughnessy, had photographed locomotives at night before, Link's vision required him to develop new techniques for flash photography of such large subjects. For instance, the movie theater image Hotshot Eastbound (Iaeger, West Virginia), photographed on 2 August 1956 [negative NW1103], used 42 #2 flashbulbs and one #0 fired simultaneously.[11] Link, with an assistant such as George Thom, had to lug all his equipment into position and wire it up: this was done in series so any failure would prevent a picture being taken at all; and in taking night shots of moving trains the right position for the subject could only be guessed at. Link used a 4 x 5 Graphic View view camera with black and white film, from which he produced silver gelatin prints.

Hawksbill Creek Swimming Hole (Luray, Virginia) was photographed on 9 August 1956 [NW1126]. Other widely-known images include Swimming Pool (Welch, West Virginia) (1958 [NW1963]), Ghost Town (Stanley, Virginia) [NW1345], Main Line on Main Street (North Fork, West Virginia) (1958 [NW1966]) and Mr and Mrs Ben Pope watch the last steam powered passenger train (Max Meadows, Virginia) (1957 [NW1648]).[12][13]

In addition to his black and white night shots, Link also recorded the single daytime train on the Norfolk & Western's hilly Abingdon branch, serving the rural communities from Abingdon, Virginia 55 miles (88 km) south to West Jefferson, North Carolina. It was also on this line that most of his railroad color photography was done; a selection is included in The Last Steam Railroad in America. His familiar 1956 view of a horse and steam locomotive Maud bows to the Virginia Creeper (Green Cove, Virginia)[14] exists in black and white and color versions.

As well as photographing them, Link was also making sound recordings of the trains, which he issued on a set of six gramophone records between 1957 and 1977 under the overall title Sounds of Steam Railroading. In the railfan world he was probably best known by these, and by photographs published in Trains magazine and elsewhere in the 1950s, which inspired others to follow his example.[15] A traveling exhibition in 1983 brought his work to a wider public.[16]

[edit] Later life

From 1960 until he retired in 1983 Link devoted himself to advertising. Among notable pictures taken during this period are those recording construction of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and other views of New York Harbor including the great ocean liners. In retirement, Link moved to South Salem, Westchester County, New York.

In 1996, Link's second wife, Conchita, was arrested for (and later convicted of) stealing a collection of Link's photographs and attempting to sell them, claiming that Link had Alzheimer's disease and that she had power of attorney. She served six years in prison. After being released, she again attempted to sell some of Link's works that she had stolen, this time using the Internet auction site eBay. She received a three-year sentence.[17] Conchita was also accused of imprisoning her husband.[18] However, this allegation is disputed by some, and it never led to any criminal charges against Conchita.

Link made a cameo appearance as a steam locomotive engineer in the 1999 film October Sky. He was actively involved with the planning of a museum of his work when he died of a heart attack near his home in January 2001.

[edit] Museum

The rail photography of Winston Link is featured at the O. Winston Link Museum in Roanoke, Virginia which opened in January 2004. The museum is housed in the former passenger station of the Norfolk and Western Railway. Link's N&W caboose forms part of the display.

Nearby in Roanoke is the Virginia Museum of Transportation, which includes a special pavilion constructed to house the static display of the Norfolk & Western J Class 4-8-4 611 and A Class 2-6-6-4 1218 steam locomotives which were operated in excursion service in the 1980s and early 1990s.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Link was named after two of his maternal ancestors: the twentieth Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Winston Jones and Pennsylvanian Representative Alexander Ogle. Last Steam Railroad p. 132.
  2. ^ This was duplicated in "Dumbbell Indemnity", an episode of The Simpsons (Visual comparison between "Hotshot Eastbound" and The Simpsons scene)
  3. ^ O. Winston Link Museum website biography, 1955-8. Accessed 12 June 2006
  4. ^ Last Steam Railroad pp. 132–3; Museum p. 3
  5. ^ Last Steam Railroad p. 136.
  6. ^ Last Steam Railroad pp. 136-9; Museum p. 4.
  7. ^ Museum p. 5; Last Steam Railroad p. 140.
  8. ^ Last Steam Railroad p. 142.
  9. ^ a b Link, O. Winston (1987). Steam, Steel & Stars. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1645-2. 
  10. ^ Last Steam Railroad p. 20.
  11. ^ Ghost Trains. It was taken at 1/200 sec. at f11-16.
  12. ^ [1]
  13. ^ Ghost Trains.
  14. ^ [2]
  15. ^ Brouws, Jeff and Delvers, Ed. (ed.) (2000). Starlight on the Rails. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-8230-7. 
  16. ^ Ghost Trains.
  17. ^ "Ex-Wife's 2nd Trial". 6 May 2004. The Hook. Accessed 19 June 2006.
  18. ^ "Hell mates: Sad tale of Winston and Conchita"

[edit] References

  • Dulaney, Ben (1956). "Flash bulb artist photographs the Norfolk and Western". Norfolk and Western Magazine: 580-3. 
  • Garver, Tom (2004). O. Winston Link: the Man and the Museum. O. Winston Link Museum.  ISBN 0-9710531-4-6
  • Garver, Thomas H. (2000). "Railroad photographs of O. Winston Link". American Art Review 12 (5): 202-7. 
  • Jones, Malcolm (1999). "The most beautiful trains in the world". Preservation 51 (6): 30-8. 
  • Korner, Anthony (1989). "The Night Owl". Artforum International 27: 141-6. 
  • Link, O. Winston (1957). Night Trick on the Norfolk and Western Railway. O. Winston Link. 
  • Link, O. Winston (1983). Ghost Trains. Chrysler Museum.  ISBN 0-940744-43-0
  • Link, O. Winston (1987). Steam, Steel & Stars. Harry N. Abrams.  ISBN 0-8109-1645-2
  • Link, O. Winston (1995). The Last Steam Railroad in America. Harry N. Abrams.  ISBN 0-8109-3575-9
  • Morgan, David (1957 July). "The mixed train: photography by O. Winston Link". Trains: 31-43. 
  • Morgan, David (1957 Nov.). "Steam after dark". Trains: 30-43. 
  • Oughterbridge, David E. (1989). "Chugging to Extinction". Connoisseur 219 (935): 122-7. 
  • O. Winston Link Museum official website
  • The works of O. Winston Link
  • The photographs of O. Winston Link

[edit] External links

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