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The Nova Iguaçu Volcano ("Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu" in Portuguese), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is a working hypothesis for geological interpretation of the volcanic rocks taking place at the north-eastern border of the Mendanha massif. Since 2004, this hypothesis has been disputed in geological academic communities between the research groups with opinion favor and against, being an still undefined question. Klein & Vieira (1980a; b) proposed an extinct volcano of the dinosaurs age with volcanic cone, volcanic crater, and volcanic bomb at Nova Iguaçu. The mass-media diffused this hypothesis all over Brazil, causing a social phenomenon. There took place a movement for transformation of Nova Iguaçu Municipal Park into “Geopark of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano” of the UNESCO. However, since 2006, the articles of scientific journals have clarified the volcanological geology of the area, identifying the rocks with volcanic appearance as constituent of subvolcanic intrusive rock bodies (Motoki et al., 2007a; b; c). The hypothesis of the Nova Iguaçu was now extinct in the academic communities, however the volcano myth still continues in sightseeing promotion groups, being supported by strong popular desire. The recent researches revealed that in Nova Iguaçu region, explosive volcanic eruptions occurred with provable formation of volcanic edifices. After the eruptions, an intense uplifting and consequent regional denudation took place. Therefore, the cones, the craters, the lavas, the pyroclastic flow deposits, and the volcanic bombs have been completely eliminated by the strong tropical erosion of this region, exposing underground geologic structure on the present Earth’s surface. The Municipal Park is underlain by the geologic bodies corresponding to the magma chamber, composed of syenite and trachyte, and subvolcanic conduit, made up of pyroclastic rocks, of a depth of 3 km, such as pyroclastic dykes. That is, no extinct volcano is present at Nova Iguaçu. The outcrops are world rare geological examples that expose show underground geologic structures of a volcanic area. On the other hand, the volcano myth continues in the publics and the web, especially in sightseeing promotion groups, independently on the movement of the academic communities.

Representative scientific works favorable to the volcano hypothesis (all in Portuguese):
Klein & Vieira (1980b) [1] Klein et al. (2001) [2] Silveira et al. (2005) [3] Valente et al. (2005)[4]

Representative scientific works unfavorable to the volcano hypothesis (all in Portuguese):
Motoki & Sichel (2006) [5] Motoki et al. (2007a) [6] Motoki et al. (2007b) [7] Motoki et al. (2007c)[8]

The other scientific documents (all in Portuguese) are found at "Homepage do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu".[9]

Contents 1 Locality 2 Proposal of the volcano hypothesis 2.1 Later development 2.2 Scientific diffusion 2.3 Social phenomena 2.4 Scientific doubts 2.5 Geological discussion 2.5.1 Volcanic crater 2.5.2 Volcanic cone 2.5.3 Volcanic bomb 2.5.4 Lava flow 2.5.5 Pyroclastic flow 2.6 Present conclution of the scientific works 2.7 References

[edit] Locality

The locality in question is present at the Municipality of Nova Iguaçu, about 35 km to the west-northwest of the Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. At the north-east flank of the Mendanha Massif, about 2 km to the south-southeast of the Nova Iguaçu railway station, a horseshoe-formed valley open to the north takes place. Its upstream has semi-circular form elongated to north-east ward, 800 m long, 700 wide, and 180 m deep. The center of this morphology is present at S26°46’25”, W43°28’5”. This area is surrounded by the peeks with altitude more than 400 m, such as Contenda Rock, Austral Rock, Confeito Rock, and Contento Peak, which are underlain by pyroclastic rock. This rock is originated from volcanic explosion made up of rock fragments. However, the own valley is constituted by trachyte, another igneous rock with massive texture. The presence of the pyroclastic rock was the main justification of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano hypothesis.

[edit] Proposal of the volcano hypothesis

The hypothesis of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano was proposed by geologists Viktor Carvalho Klein and André Calixto Vieira (Klein & Vieira, 1980a; b), based on the occurrence of the pyroclastic rocks, including volcanic bombs. These authors considered the pyroclastic rock as of pyroclastic flow deposits that constitute a “extraordinary well-preserved complete volcanic edifice” (Klein et al., 1984). Based on these works, a doctor degree these is concluded (Klein, 1993). The bread-crust bomb was a highlight (Klein et al., 2001). A pamphlet of geological field excursion guide also was presented (Vieira & Klein, 2004). However, above-mentioned opinions were not published in scientific journals, therefore the Nova Iguaçu Volcano hypothesis could not transform into a scientific theory accepted in academic communities.

[edit] Later development

At the beginning of the 21st Century, another research group realised geological studies related to the Nova Iguaçu Volcano hypothesis. They are composed of geologists of multiple institutions such as: Mauro Geraldes, Ana Maria Netto, Diana Ragatky e Lílian Silveira of the Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Sergio Valente of the Rio de Janeiro Federal Rural University (UFRRJ), Edson Mello of the Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ) e Felipe Medeiros e André Ghizi of the Rio de Janeiro State Department of Mineral Resources (DRM-RJ), etc. This research group proposed a volcanic crater at Nova Iguaçu (Loc. 1, Medeiros & Ragatky, 2004; Geraldes & Netto, 2004). The volcanic crater model was commented personally by geologist André Calixto Vieira, however it never had been presented in the scientific communities. Another proposal of this group was trachytic lava flows (Geraldes & Netto, 2004; Silveira et al., 2005; Valente et al., 2005) at Dona Eugênia Valley (Loc. 6) and the Vigné Quarry (Loc. 7). However, the latter two works denied existence of the volcanic crater because the supposed crater is underlain by massive trachyte, and not, volcanic breccia (Silveira et al., 2005; Valente et al., 2005). Based on these works, a master-degree thesis was concluded (Silveira, 2006). However, above-mentioned works were not published in scientific journals.

[edit] Scientific diffusion

In 2004, o DRM-RJ started a scientific diffusion campaign of the geology of Nova Iguaçu, with special attention of the Municipal Park, with the objective of the transformation of the scientific language into popular ones. As a part of the project “Caminhos Geológicos” (Mansur & Erthal, 2004), which means “Geological Tracks”, some panel-plates were installed at strategic points of the hypothesis of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano (Mansur et al., 2004). These materials were shown at the homepage of the DRM-RJ (Ghizi et al., 2004). This information was widely known in sightseeing promotion groups of Nova Iguaçu and Rio de Janeiro (GuiaCamp, 2006; Carioquinha 2006; Trilha a Pé, 2006; Tirus Baixada, 2007). In this way, the exitct volcano with a volcanic crater at Nova Iguaçu began to be believed by the publics.

[edit] Social phenomena

From 2004, Brazilian mass-media such as the Rede Globo (2004; 2005a) and Folha de São Paulo (2005) diffused the hypothesis of Nova Iguaçu Volcano, based on the interviews of a geologist. He affirmed that the geologic structure of Nova Iguaçu is the only one volcano in Brazil with clear morphology of volcanic crater and volcanic cone. In parallel, public speeches were realised at CREA-RJ (Rio de Janeiro Regional Counsel of Engineering and Agronomy) and DRM-RJ (Rio de Janeiro State Department of Mineral Resources). The contents were retransmitted by non-scientific sources, such as the homepage of Nova Iguaçu Municipal Government (2005), of Mesquita Municipal Government (2005), the neighbour city, and Wikipedia Nova Iguaçu (2005). Under this influence, the Nova Iguaçu Topshopping held the Volcano Exposition (Topshopping Nova Iguaçu, 2004). The Rio de Janeiro State Financial Tribnary declared the supposed volcanic crater as a natural sightseeing attraction point of Nova Iguaçu and Mesquita (TCR-RJ, 2004). These non-academic sources had a special interest of the volcanic crater, commenting an extremely long period volcanic eruption, from 72 million years to 40 millions years old, which is incompatible with the scientific study of the Earth’s volcanoes.

At the beginning of 2005, Folha de São Paulo (2005), a Brazilian major newspaper, diffuse that the mining activity of the Vigné Quarry (Loc. 7) were destroying the only intact volcano of Brazil, devastating the sharp volcanic crater morphology. This information was reproduced immediately by: CPRM (2005), Brazilian Geological Survey; MTC (2005), Brazilian Ministry of Technology and Science; SBPC (2005), Brazilian Society of Progress of Science; FUNDEP (2005), Brazilian Foundation of Research Development; FAPERJ (2005), Rio de Janeiro State Foundation of Research Support; Nova Iguaçu (2005) Municipal Government. A judicial process of the same contents was sent to the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro, requiring immediate interdiction of the quarry. This process motivated the execution of the TAC project (Instrument of the Adjustment Terms of Behavior Applied to Mining Companies of the State of Rio de Janeiro; Erthal et al., 2004). The last report (Valente et al., 2005) affirmed presence of the volcanic edifice, however denied the volcanic crater, recommending reopening of the mining with reduced scale.

In this period, the hypothesis of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano expanded to become a social phenomenon, and many events of sightseeing, commercial, artistic, administrative, and educative activities were held. They were based on the unconditional belief of the extinct volcano with volcanic crater as if an established scientific theory. The environmental education was a notable regional highlight (Guedes & Mansur, 2004; Geraldes, 2006a; b). At Nova Iguaçu city, there appeared the traffic sign plates indicating the volcano. There took place a movement for registration of the Municipal Park to the UNESCO as “Geopark of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano”. Some presentation in scientific events (Geraldes & Netto, 2004a; b; Geraldes, 2006a; Mansur et al., 2004) and the homepage of the DRM-RJ (Ghizi et al., 2004; Medeiros et al., 2004) called the Municipal Park as Geopark. Certain newspapers diffused, base on the interviews of another geologist, that the UERJ and Petrobrás (Brazilian National Petroleum Company) were researching the oilfield by means of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano (Clipping UERJ, 2005; UERJ em Dia, 2005; Jornal do Brasil, 2005; Jornal Saber Ciência, 2005; Gaspet SC, 2005), investing one million dollar in two years.

Although, the above-mentioned social phenomenon had poor scientific base, its diffusion was sensational. A multi-institutional research group (Motoki et al., 2007d) alerted this uncontrolled fever: Quo Vadis ?!

[edit] Scientific doubts

On the contrary to the ardent social phenomenon, the scientific communities maintained a prudent attitude. According to the former explanation, no article favor to the volcano hypothesis was published in qualified scientific journals. In addition, there appeared an oppositional opinion presented in scientific events by geologist Akihisa Motoki. Rodrigo Soares, Marcela Lobato and Giannis Petrakis of UERJ, Susanna Sichel of UFF, José Ribeiro Aires of Petrobrás, Ana Maria Netto of UERJ (Motoki et al., 2004; 2005), showing that the geology and morphology of Nova Iguaçu are incompatible with the volcano model. This opinion was published (Motoki & Sichel, 2006), marking the first scientific article of Nova Iguaçu geology.

[edit] Geological discussion

Since 2006, the hypothesis of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano has been discussed in scientific events and academic journals. The interested points are: 1) volcanic crater; 2) volcanic cone; 3) volcanic bomb; 4) lava flow; 5) pyroclastic flow; 6) regional denudation level.

[edit] Volcanic crater

The volcanic crater is defined geologically to be a circular negative morphology formed by an explosive eruption (MacDonald, 1972; Motoki et al., 2007a). The eruption forms breccia with large clasts, called explosion breccia. Homepage of DRM-RJ (Ghizi et al., 2004) indicates that the crater should be present at the horseshoe-formed valley situated about 2 km to the south of the urban zone. Vieira & Klein (2004) presented the N-S geologic cross-section of the supposed crater, showing a prominent volcanic cone. However, the topographic map of this area indicates inexistence of such morphologic characteristics. The inner walls of the valley are not sub-vertical, but of low angle of 15 to 20°, being comparable with a slope formed by erosion. Klein & Vieira (1980b) inferred that the supposed crater area might be underlain by volcanic agglomerate, that is, volcanic breccia with large clasts. However, the rock present there is massive trachyte. This geological observation demonstrates inexistence of the volcanic crater at Nova Iguaçu.

[edit] Volcanic cone

The volcanic cone corresponds to the cone-formed positive morphology originated from the accumulation of solid eruptive materials. Vieira & Klein (2004) presented an illustration of the Nova Iguçu volcanic cone, of 1.7 km of diameter, 250 m of relative heights, and 27º of flank angle. If so, the cone must appear prominently on the north-eastern flank of the Mendanha Massif, and easily recognised from Nova Iguaçu, and neighbour cities, however, such cone is not seen. The topographic map and satellite images do not confirm it (Motoki et al., 2007a).

[edit] Volcanic bomb

Volcanic bomb is one type of essential fragment, being originated from a magma drop, launched from the crater in viscous semi-solid state. Therefore, indications of vesiculation, volume expansion, and plastic deformation are observed. In case of high viscosity magma, such as of andesite and dacite, the consolidated clast surface are cracked by the volume expansion originated from vesiculation. Such a bomb is called bread-crust bomb. Silveira et al. (2005) and Valente et al. (2005) presented that more than 50% of the clast present in the volcanic agglomerate of the Contenda Rock are volcanic bombs. Klein & Vieira (1980b) and Klein et al. (2001) commented presence of bread-crust bomb. However, Motoki et al. (2007b) revealed that these clasts are not porous, but composed of massive trachyte. In addition, no signs of plastic deformation are observed. The altered clast surface with porous appearance is attributed to weathering fabrics, namely pseudovesicular structure. Therefore, it is concluded that no volcanic bomb is present at Nova Iguaçu.

[edit] Lava flow

Geraldes & Netto (2004a; b), Silveira et al. (2005) and Valente et al. (2005) interpreted the trachyte of this area to be constituent of lava flows that covered unconformablly the erosion surface of the syenitic rock. If so, the trachyte must be younger that the syenite. However, the field observation of the contact outcrops demonstrated that the trachyte is intrusive into the metamorphic basement and intruded by the syenite, forming an intrusive body older than the syenite (Motoki et al., 2007a). Geraldes & Netto (2004a; b), Silveira et al. (2005) and Valente et al. (2005) considered that the trachyte is distributed only along the valley of supposed crater, with 2 km long and less than 100 m thick. However, in fact, this body has horizontal extension larger than 15 km and is exposed from the base to the top of the Mendanha massif, with level difference of 800 m (Motoki et al., 2007a). Valente et al. (2005) show isolated occurrences of hexagonal fractures, with the diameter of 30 cm, as an evidence of trachyte lava flow. However, the trachyte in general is massive, without characteristic fabrics of lava flow and lava dome (Motoki et al., 2007a). The hexagonal fractures were identified to be horizontal columnar joints of trachyte dyke. These geological observations indicate that the trachyte is constituent of an intrusive body, being the oldest body of the felsic alkaline magmatism of this area, being impossible to be the lava flows overlying erosion surface of the syenite.

[edit] Pyroclastic flow

Klein & Vieira (1980a; b), Klein et al. (1984), Geraldes & Netto (2004a), Silveira et al. (2005), Valente et al. (2005), etc., interpreted the pyroclastic rocks present at the Contenda Rock and its neighbour to be constituent of pyroclastic flows. These authors indicated the layered structure as an important proof. However, Motoki et al. (2007c) have revealed that the development degree and horizontal continuity of the pyroclstic textures are too poor for a pyroclastic flow deposit. By the way, the pyroclastic rocks along the Eugênia River are exposed forming pyroclastic dykes of metric width, presenting underground emplacement of subvolcanic fissures. If the pyroclastic rocks were originated from pyroclastic flows, the deposits must be widely present in Fluminense lowland, such as Mesquita, Nilopolis, Nova Iguaçu, and Duque de Caxias cities. Welded pyroclastic rocks are resistant against weathering therefore easily identified. However, such volcanic deposits are not found in the Fluminense lowland. This fact confirms that these pyroclastic rocks are not constituent of pyroclastic flows.

[edit] Present conclution of the scientific works

In recent years, the hypothesis of Nova Iguaçu Volcano has been in ardent discussion in scientific events and geological journals, being a controversial theme of the local geology. The recent researches have clarified the inexistence of crater, cone, bomb, lava, and pyroclastic flow, and the scientific problem of the previous works were pointed out one by one. In this situation, the research groups favour to the volcano hypothesis maintain silent in academic communities. In this way, the geological studies of Nova Iguaçu are arriving at a new paradigm, that is, inexistence of Nova Iguaçu Volcano.

(This page is still under construction)

[edit] References

Carioquinha. 2006. Pontos Carioquinha 2006. http://www.carioquinha.com.br. Acesso: 20 de maio de 2006.

Clipping UERJ. 2005. Pesquisa da UERJ pode descobrir novas jazidas de petróleo. Entrevista do geólogo Mauro Geraldes. Rio de Janeiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

CPRM. 2005. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. ASSCOM, Boletim 001/2005, Companhia Brasileira de Prospecção Mineral. Rio de Janeiro. 3 de janeiro, 2005.

CREA-RJ. 2005. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Jornal CREA-RJ, edição 19, 2005. Rio de Janeiro.

Erthal, F., Mansur, K., Rocha, R.L.S., Nunes, H., Nogueira, G.S. 2004. O instrumento dos termos de ajustamento de conduta aplicados a empreendimentos minerais no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Anais de 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p

FAPERJ. 2005. Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu está sendo destruído por uma pedreira. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Boletim da FAPERJ, 19 de janeiro de 2005.

Folha de São Paulo. 2005. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Sérgio Torres entrevistando o geólogo André Calixto Vieira.

Folha de São Paulo, 3 de janeiro, 2005. (A página retirada)

FUNDEP. 2005. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. FUNDEP, Brasília, 4 de Janeiro de 2005.

GASPET SC. 2005. UERJ pesquisa jazida em vulcão de Nova Iguaçu. Programa da indústria catarinense fornecedora de bens e serviços para o setor de petróleo e gás natural. Entrevista do geólogo Mauro Geraldes, Gaspet. 2005.

Geraldes, M.C. 2006a. Eduacdores para a gestão ambienta: um projeto em aflabeticação ecológica para o Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu. 17º UERJ sem Muros, Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Painel 54.

Geraldes, M.C. 2006b. Vulcânico de Nova Iguaçu: subsídios para a preservação de um monumento geológico. SIGEP - Comissão Basileira de sítios geológicos e paleobiológicos. http://www.unb.br/ig/sigep/propostas/complexovulcanico_nova_iguacu_rj.htm. Acesso: 31 de dezembro de 2006b.

Geraldes, M.C., Netto, A.M. 2004a. Elaboração de placas do Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu-RJ: a utilização de linguagem popular para explicar a construção de um edifício vulcânico. Anais de 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p..

Geraldes, M.C., Netto, A.M. 2004b. O construtivismo no ensino de geologia para a população na área de preservação ambiental no Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu-RJ. Anais de 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p.

Ghizi, A., Mansur, K., Vieira, A.C. 2004a. Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu. Homepage do Departamento de Recursos Minerais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - DRM. http://www.drm.rj.gov.br/item.asp?chave=109, Acesso: 31 de dezembro de 2006.

Guedes, E., Mansur, K. 2004. O projeto Caminhos Geológicos no Parque Municipal de Nova Iguaçu - RJ: o caso do Poço do Escorrega. Anais do 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p. Guia Camp. 2006. http://www.guiacamp.com.br/main.php?secao=20&item=9. Acesso: 20 de maio de 2006.

Jornal do Brasil. 2005. Pesquisa da UERJ pode descobrir novas jazidas de petróleo. Entrevista do geólogo Mauro Geraldes, Jornal do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 25 de abril de 2005.

Jornal Saber Ciências. 2005. Vulcão em Nova Iguaçu: Estudo indica possíveis jazidas de petróleo. Entrevista do geólogo Mauro Geraldes. Jornal Saber Ciências, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro. 3 de outubro de 2005.

Klein, V.C. 1993. O Vulcão Alcalino de Nova Iguaçu (Estado do Rio de Janeiro): Controle Estrutural e Processo de Erupção. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Tese de doutorado. (inédito).

Klein, V.C., Ávila, C.A., Dayan, H. 2001. Bombas “crosta de pão” (bread crust) no sepósitos piroclásticos do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. Boletim de Resumos do 7º Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, Rio de Janeiro, SBG, CD, 1p..

Klein, V.C., Valença, J.G., Vieira, A.C. 1984. Ignimbritos do vulcão de Nova Iguaçu e da “Chaminé do Lamego”, Rio de Janeiro. Anais do 33°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Rio de Janeiro, SBG, p. 4346-4354.

Klein, V.C., Vieira, A.C. 1980a. Uma chaminé vulcânica na Serra de Madureira, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, comunicação breve, Rio de Janeiro, 52, p. 200, 1980a.

Klein, V.C., Vieira, A.C. 1980b. Vulcões do Rio de Janeiro: Breve geologia e perspectivas. Mineração Metalurgia, v. 419, p. 44-46.

Mansur, K., Erthal, F. 2004. Projeto Caminhos Geológicos e seus Desdobramentos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Anais do 43°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p.

Mansur, K., Ghizi, A., Guedes, E., Medeiros, F., Nogueira, G., Barbosa, M. 2004. A transformação da linguagem científica em popular na elaboração de placas descritivas de pontos de interesse geológico: o caso do Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu-RJ. Anais do 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SGB, CD, 1p.

Medeiros, F., Ragatky, D. 2004. Geoparque de Nova Iguaçu - Falha do Poço das Cobras. Homepage do Departamento de Recursos Minerais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, DRM-RJ. http://www.drm.rj.gov.br/item.asp?chave=106, 2004. Acesso: 31 de dezembro de 2006.

Motoki, A. 2007. Atividades magmáticas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: divulgação para as escolas do ensino médio e fundamental. FAPERJ Edital no 04/2007, Programa “Difusão e popularização da ciência e tecnologia no Estado do Rio de Janeiro”, 16p. (inédito)

Motoki, A., Adriano, L., Melo, D.P., Freitas, A. 2004. Edifícios vulcânicos e corpos subvulcânicos, de acordo com os níveis de denudação: exemplos do Brasil e da Argentina. Anais 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p.

Motoki, A., Sichel, S., Fonceca, L.G., Silva, M.S., Almeida, F.S.S., Corrales, F. 2005. Relação entre as texturas de rochas vulcânicas e estruturas de corpos vulcânicos e sub-vulcânicos: exemplos do Brasil, Argentina e Chile. Anais de 3º Simpósio de Vulcanismo e Ambientes Associados, Cabo Frio, p. 387-392.

Motoki, A., Sichel, S.E. 2006. Avaliação de aspectos texturais e estruturais de corpos vulcânicos e subvulcânicos e sua relação com o ambiente de cristalização, com base em exemplos do Brasil, Argentina e Chile. Revista Escola de Minas, v. 59, n.1, p. 13-23.

Motoki, A., Soares, R., Lobato, M., Sichel, E.S., Aires, J.R. 2007b. Feições intempéricas em rochas alcalinas félsicas de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Revista Escola de Minas, v. 60-2. (in press)

Motoki, A., Soares, R., Netto, A.M., Sichel, E.S., Aires, J.R., Lobato, M. 2007c. Forma de ocorrência geológica dos diques de rocha piroclástica no Vale do Rio Dona Eugênia, Parque Municipal de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Revista Geociências, Rio Claro, (in press).

Motoki, A., Soares, R., Netto, A.M., Sichel, S.E., Aires, J.R., Lobato, M. 2007a. Reavaliação do modelo genético do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu, RJ: origem eruptiva ou intrusão subvulcânica ? Revista Escola de Minas, Ouro Preto, v. 60-3. (in press).

Motoki, A., Soares, S., Lobato, S., Petrakis, G.H., Netto, A.M., Sichel, S.E., Aires, J.R. 2007d. Ponto de virada da educação ambiental de acordo com os desenvolvimentos científicos sobre a hipótese do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. 8ª Semana do Meio Ambiente da UERJ. Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, 22p. 18 a 22 de junho de 2007.

Prefeitura Municipal de Mesquita. 2004. Homepage da Prefeitura Municipal de Mesquita, RJ. http://www.mesquita.rj.gov.br/semuam-p.htm, 2004. Acesso: 31 de dezembro de 2005. (A página foi retirada)

Prefeitura Municipal de Nova Iguaçu. 2004. Parque Municipal de Nova Iguaçu. Homepage da Prefeitura Municipal de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. http://www.abeunet.com.br/~midia/pmni/index_parque.htm, 2004. Acesso: 15 de junho de 2004. (A página foi retirada)

Rede Globo. 2004. Aventura, o vulcão carioca do esporte. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Jornal Hoje, 21 de março.

Rede Globo. 2004. Ele reina absoluta. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Jornal Hoje, 18 de junho, 2005.

SBPC. 2004. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Sociedade Brasileiro de Progresso em Ciências, http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=24457, 3 de janeiro 2005. Acesso: 31 de dezembro de 2006.

Silveira, L.S.S. 2006. Petrogênese das suítes alcalinas da porção oriental do Complexo Vulcânico de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Dissertação de Mestrado, Faculdade de Geologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 75p. (inédito)

Silveira, L.S., Dutra, T., Valente, S.C., Ragatky, D.C. 2005. Modelos eruptivos preliminares para o Complexo Vulcânico de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Anais de 3º Simpósio de Vulcanismo e Ambientes Associados. Cabo Frio, p. 333-337, 2005.

TCE-RJ. 2004. Estudo sócio econômico 2004, Nova Iguaçu. Tribunal de Conta do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, relatório interno, 105p. (inédito)

Topshopping Nova Iguaçu. 2004. Exposição Vulcão. Homepage de Topshopping Nova Iguaçu. http://www.topshopping.com.br/aconteceu.htm, Aceso: 15 de junho de 2004. (A página foi retirada)

Trilha a pé. 2006. Trekking no vulcão. http://www.trilhaape.com.br/trekking/introducao05_07.php, 2007. Acesso: 20 de maio de 2006.

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