Nouri al-Maliki
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| Nouri Kamel al-Maliki نوري كامل المالكي |
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 20 May 2006 |
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| President | Jalal Talabani |
| Deputy | Barham Salih Salam al-Zaubai |
| Preceded by | Ibrahim al-Jaafari |
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| Born | 20 June 1950 Abu Gharaq, Iraq |
| Political party | United Iraqi Alliance-Islamic Dawa Party |
| Alma mater | Usul al-Din College Baghdad University |
| Religion | Shi'a Islam |
Nouri Kamel Mohammed Hassan al-Maliki (Arabic: نوري كامل محمّد حسن المالكي, transliterated Nūrī Kāmil al-Mālikī; born June 20, 1950), also known as Jawad al-Maliki, is the Prime Minister of Iraq and the secretary-general of the Islamic Dawa Party. Al-Maliki and his government succeeded the Iraqi Transitional Government. His 37-member Cabinet was approved by the National Assembly and sworn in on May 20, 2006.
As Prime Minister, Nouri al-Maliki signed the order that led to Saddam Hussein's execution.
Al-Maliki's constitutional mandate will last until 2010. On April 26, 2006, al-Maliki's office announced that he would thenceforth use the first name Nouri instead of his pseudonym Jawad.[1]
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[edit] Early life
In 1950 Nouri Kamel al-Maliki was born in Abu Gharaq, a central Iraqi town lying between Karbala and Al Hillah. He attended school in Al Hindiyah (Hindiya). Al-Maliki received a bachelor's degree at Usul al-Din College in Baghdad, and a master's degree in Arabic literature from Baghdad University.[2] Al-Maliki lived for a time in Al Hillah, where he worked in the education department. He joined the Islamic Dawa Party in the late 1960s while studying at university.
Al-Maliki's grandfather, Muhammad Hasan Abi al-Mahasin, was a poet and cleric who served as Iraq's Minister of Education under King Faisal I.[3]
[edit] Exile and return to Iraq
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In 1980, the Saddam Hussein government sentenced al-Maliki to death for his active role in the Dawa party and thereafter he lived in exile, first in Iran[4] and later in Syria. In Syria he headed the party's office, a branch responsible for directing activists and guerrillas fighting Saddam Hussein's regime from outside Iraq. He was elected chairman of the Joint Action Committee, a Damascus-based opposition coalition that led to the founding of the Iraqi National Congress, a United States-backed body of opposition to the Saddam Hussein regime which the Dawa Party participated in between 1992 and 1995. Some foreign diplomats, responsible for maintaining links with the Iraqi opposition in Syria before the war, have maintained that al-Maliki was never more than a minor figure in the period before 2003. While in exile al-Maliki adopted the pseudonym "Jawad", which he used until after his return to Iraq.
Returning home after Saddam's fall, he became the deputy leader of the Supreme National Debaathification Commission of the Iraqi Interim Government, formed to purge former Baath Party officials from the military and government.
Al-Maliki was elected to the transitional National Assembly in January 2005. He was considered a tough negotiator in drawn-out deliberations over the new constitution, and was the senior Shi'ite member of the committee that drafted the new constitution that was passed in October 2005.
[edit] Prime Minister nomination
- Further information: Government of Iraq from 2006
In the December 2005 parliamentary elections, the United Iraqi Alliance won the plurality of seats, and nominated Ibrahim al-Jaafari to be Iraq's first full-term post-war prime minister. However, by April 2006, it became evident that interim Prime Minister al-Jaafari, who was criticized for having led an ineffective and sectarian government, could win neither Kurdish nor Sunni support in parliament. In a compromise, al-Jaafari was then removed as the candidate, and on April 22, 2006, al-Maliki was named prime minister-designate by President Jalal Talabani.
Former United States Ambassador to Iraq, Zalmay Khalilzad, has stated that "[Maliki's] reputation is as someone who is independent of Iran," and that "He sees himself as an Arab" and an Iraqi nationalist. Khalilzad also maintained that Iran "pressured everyone for Jaafari to stay." Maliki's nomination is seen as a victory for Khalilzad's negotiating efforts. Khalilzad praised Iraqi statesmen, saying "It showed that Sistani doesn't take Iranian direction. It showed that Abdul Aziz Hakim doesn't succumb to Iranian pressure. He stood up to Iran. It showed the same thing about the Kurdish leaders."[5] This interpretation reflects the position of the U.S. Government. On May 20, 2006, al-Maliki presented his Cabinet to Parliament, minus permanent ministers of Defense and of Interior. He announced that he would temporarily handle the Interior Ministry himself, and Salam al-Zobaie would temporarily act as Defense Minister. "We pray to God almighty to give us strength so we can meet the ambitious goals of our people who have suffered a lot," al-Maliki told the members of the assembly.[6]Maliki has brought Sunnis into his national unity government.[7]
[edit] In Office
As Prime Minister, al-Maliki has vowed to crack down on militias which he calls "organized armed groups who are acting outside the state and outside the law." He had been criticized for taking too long to name permanent Interior and Defense ministers, which he did on June 8, 2006, [8] just as Maliki and the Americans announced the killing of Al Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. [9] [10]
Meanwhile, Maliki criticized coalition armed forces as reports of allegedly deliberate killings of Iraqi civilians (at Haditha and elsewhere) became known. He has been quoted as saying, "[t]his is a phenomenon that has become common among many of the multinational forces. No respect for citizens, smashing civilian cars and killing on a suspicion or a hunch. It's unacceptable." According to Ambassador Khalilzad, Maliki had been misquoted, but it was unclear in what way.[11]
On December 30, 2006, Maliki signed the death warrant of Saddam Hussein and declined a stay of execution, saying there would be “no review or delay” in the event. Citing the wishes of relatives of Hussein's victims, he said, “Our respect for human rights requires us to execute him.” [1] Hussein's execution was carried out on December 30, 2006 (notably, the first Sunni day of the feast of Eid ul-Adha).
[edit] Response to the Blackwater Baghdad shootings
After the controversial Baghdad shooting involving the private security contractor Blackwater USA and an unknown number of Iraqi civilians, Prime Minister Maliki said that the incident had generated such "widespread anger and hatred" that it would be "in everyone's interest if the embassy used another company while the company is suspended." [12]
[edit] Official visits
On June 13, 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush paid a visit to Baghdad to meet with Maliki and President of Iraq Jalal Talibani, as a token of support for the new government. [13] On June 25, al-Maliki presented a national reconciliation plan to the Iraqi parliament. The peace plan sets out to remove powerful militias from the streets, open a dialogue with rebels, and review the status of purged members of the once-ruling Ba'ath party. Some viewed this as a bold step towards rebuilding Iraq and reaching out to Sunnis. [14] By July 2006, when al-Maliki visited the United States, violence had continued and even escalated, leading many to conclude that the reconciliation plan was not working or was moving too slow. On July 26, 2006, al-Maliki addressed a joint meeting of the U.S. Congress.[15] . Several New York Democrats boycotted the speech after Al-Maliki condemned Israel's attack on Lebanon. Howard Dean, the DNC chairman, accused Al-Maliki of being an "anti-Semite" and said the United States shouldn't spend so much on Iraq and then hand it over to people like Maliki. [16]
On September 11, 2006, Al-Maliki made his first official visit to neighbouring Shi'a Iran, whose alleged influence on Iraq is a matter of concern for Washington DC. He conspicuously chose Sunni Persian Gulf Arab states for his first foreign trip. He discussed with Iranian officials, including president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the "principle of no interference in internal affairs" during his visit on September 11, 2006 and September 12, 2006, i.e. political and security issues. The announcement of his visit followed a dispute between the two countries in which Iranian border guards in the week from September 3, 2006 detained Iraqi guards after accusing them of crossing into Iran. Ibrahim Shaker, Iraqi defence ministry spokesman, told the Iraqi patrol, five soldiers, one officer and one translator, had simply been doing "their duty".[17]
On September 19, 2006, Prime Minister Maliki made an official visit to Tehran, Iran, to meet with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei – a rare honor for a visiting dignitary. Prime Minister Maliki called the Islamic Republic of Iran “a good friend and brother.” Such a statement runs counter to Bush’s policy of isolating Iran from the international community by focusing exclusively on Tehran’s uranium enrichment. At the same time it illustrates that the regimes deriving legitimacy from different versions of democracy in the Middle East can be warm friends.
The Bush administration's unrelenting pressure on the Iraqi government resulted in the collapse of the proposed Baghdad-Tehran defense cooperation pact. [18]
[edit] Governmental prospects
The stability of Maliki’s government depends on a tenuous peace between Moqtada al-Sadr, who controls one of the largest voting blocs in parliament, and Abdul Aziz al-Hakim, who leads the United Iraqi Alliance and the country’s largest Shi'a party, the Islamic Iraqi Supreme Council. A generations-long feud between their families has carried over into a personal and political rivalry between the men, and their militias have periodically clashed.[19]
In October 2006, doubts grew concerning Maliki's willingness or ability to defeat Shi'a militias. Maliki criticized an American-led raid that targeted a militia leader because, he asserted, it had been conducted without his government's approval. [20] In 2007, sources inside the Iraqi and American militaries indicated that Maliki's "Office of the Commander-in-Chief" within his government was pushing a Shiite agenda and overruling government ministers. [21]
On January 2, 2007, the Wall Street Journal published an interview with Maliki in which he said that he hadn't wanted to become Prime Minister of Iraq and that he had only accepted the position out of a sense of duty. He also stated that he wished he could end his term before it expires in 2009. [22]
On January 13, 2007, Maliki selected Lieutenant General Abud Qanbar as the Iraqi commander for the capital of Baghdad, Iraq. [2]
In May 2007 he was elected secretary general of the Dawa Party, succeeding Jaafari. [23] But his government was increasingly weakened, in particular after the withdrawal of the Iraqi Accord Front, the main Sunni bloc, from his coalition on August 1, 2007 [24][25].
[edit] Censorship
On August 24, 2006, he banned television channels from broadcasting images of daily bloodshed in the country and warned of legal action against those violating the order. Major General Rashid Flayah, head of a national police division added "...We are building the country with Kalashnikovs and you should help in building it with the use of your pen". [26]
[edit] Response to US critics
Hillary Clinton and Carl Levin were two of several US politicians who called for him to be removed from office but he hit back and said the Democratic senators saying that they were acting as if Iraq was "their property" and that they should "come to their senses" and "respect democracy".[27]
In August 2007, CNN reported that the firm of Barbour, Griffith & Rogers had "begun a public campaign to undermine the government of Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki." The network described BGR as a "powerhouse Republican lobbying firm with close ties to the White House."[28] CNN also mentioned that Ayad Allawi is both al-Maliki's rival and BGR's client, although it did not assert that Allawi had hired BGR to undermine al-Maliki.[29]
[edit] Quotations
- "I consider myself a friend of the U.S., but I'm not America's man in Iraq."[30]
- "I wish I could be done with it even before the end of this term. I didn't want to take this position. I only agreed because I thought it would serve the national interest, and I will not accept it again." [31]
- "As Iraq has triumphed over terrorism, it will triumph in the international arena." [32]
- " We did not provide any sanctuary or opportunity for any outlaws, whether they were followers of the Mehdi Army or Muqtada al-Sadr or the Islamic Council or even of the Dawa party. This is the truth all Iraqis know and are proud of -- we deal with all outlaws equally...I would be very easy with any decision that goes through the democratic framework and will be very tough if anything is being tried outside the democratic framework." "[33]
[edit] References
- ^ Associated Press. "New prime minister resorts to old name", Chicago Tribune, April 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
- ^ Cole, Juan (1998). Saving Iraq: Mission impossible. salon.com. Retrieved on 2006-06-08.
- ^ The Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Kamel al-Maliki Biography, www.iraqigovernment.org
- ^ Iraq asks Iran for help on militants AP via Yahoo! News 13 September 2006
- ^ Ignatius, David. "In Iraq's Choice, A Chance For Unity", Washington Post, April 26, 2006, p. A25. Retrieved on 2006-04-26.
- ^ CNN. "Iraq's new unity government sworn in", CNN, May 20, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-05-20.
- ^ "Iraq prime minister to visit Iran", Al Jazeera, September 9 2006.
- ^ CNN. "Bombs kill 7, wound dozens in Iraq", CNN, June 2, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-02.
- ^ CNN. "Iraq appoints security ministers", CNN, June 8, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-08.
- ^ Sally Buzbee, Associated Press. "For Iraq's prime minister, a good-news day", Raleigh News and Observer, June 8, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-08.
- ^ Associated Press. "White House Says Iraqi Leader Misquoted", Forbes, June 2, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-02.
- ^ Wire Reports. "Iraqi leader suggests U.S. Embassy cut ties with Blackwater", USA Today, September 20, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
- ^ Abramowitz, Michael. "Bush Makes Surprise Visit to Iraq", The Washington Post, June 13, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-13.
- ^ "Al Maliki's Reconciliation Plan Ready", Gulfnews, June 25, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-25.
- ^ "Iraqi PM to Congress: Baghdad wants to be regional stabilizer", CNN, June 26, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
- ^ Trish Turner and Molly Hooper. "Dean Calls Iraqi Prime Minister Anti-Semite, Criticizes Bush For U.S. Visit", FOXNews.com, July 26, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
- ^ "Iraq prime minister to visit Iran", Al Jazeera, September 9 2006.
- ^ YaleGlobal. "Iran Befriends Iraq", YaleGlobal, September 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
- ^ "Attack on Iraqi City Shows Militia’s Power", The New York Times, October 20 2006.
- ^ Doubts Grow Over Iraq's Prime Minister - TIME
- ^ Shadowy Iraq office accused of sectarian agenda - CNN.com
- ^ BBC NEWS | Middle East | Iraq's PM longs to leave office
- ^ Sawt al-Iraq, writing in Arabic, Informed Comment, 2007-05-14
- ^ Iraq Sunni bloc quits coalition, Al-Jazeera, 2007-08-01
- ^ Maliki's Impact Blunted By Own Party's Fears, Washington Post, 2 August 2007
- ^ Iraq PM bans TV from showing attacks, The Sunday Times (South Africa), 2006-08-24
- ^ BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Maliki returns fire at US critics
- ^ CNN
- ^ CNN
- ^ CNN. "Iraqi prime minister: 'I'm not America's man'", CNN, October 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-11-27.
- ^ AP. "Iraq's PM longs to leave office", AP, March 21, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
- ^ CNN. "Iraqi prime minister: 'I'm not America's man'", CNN, October 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-11-27.
- ^ CNN. "Transcript: Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki on Iraq", CNN, April 7, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-04-07.
[edit] External links
| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by Ibrahim al-Jaafari |
Prime Minister of Iraq 2006 – present |
Incumbent |
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