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nosei [Parnassius (Tadumia) maharaja]: described as a separate species and treated as such by Chou (1994) and Weiss (1992), it is now seen as conspecific with P. maharaja (Häuser 1993, Ohya 1993, Sorimachi 1995).

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Parnassius nadadevinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
(unranked) Rhopalocera
Superfamily: Papilionoidea
Family: Papilionidae
Genus: Parnassius
Species: P. nadadevinensis
Binomial name
Parnassius nadadevinensis
Weiss, 1990

Mt Nanda Devi, India

Parnassius nadadevinensis is a high altitude butterfly which is found only on Mt Nanda Devi, India. It is a member of the Snow Apollo genus Parnassius of the Swallowtail (Papilionidae) family.

Contents

[edit] References

  • Weiss, J.-C. 1992. The Parnassiinae of the World. Part 2. Sciences Nat, Venette; 87 pp.

[edit] External Links

  • [1] Text and photos.

[[Category: ]] · TAXONOMIC NOTES. Martin Heinrich Carl Lichtenstein

The rice weevil ( Figure 1 ) is small, 1/10 inch (2 to 3 mm) and stout in appearance. It is very similar in appearance to the granary weevil. However, the rice weevil is reddish-brown to black in color with four light yellow or reddish spots on the corners of the elytra (the hard protective forewings). The snout is long (1 mm), almost 1/3 of the total length. The head with snout is as long as the prothorax or the elytra. The prothorax (the body region behind the head) is strongly pitted and the elytra have rows of pits within longitudinal grooves. The larva is legless and stays inside the hollowed grain kernel. It is fat with a cream colored body and dark head capsule.



Figure 1. Rice weevil.

Habits The rice weevil is one of the most serious stored grain pests worldwide. This pest of whole grain originated in India and has been spread worldwide by commerce. It now has a cosmopolitan distribution. It is a serious pest in the southern United States. The rice weevil is replaced by the granary weevil north of North Carolina and Tennessee. Both the adults and larvae feed on whole grains. They attack wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, sorghum, buckwheat, dried beans, cashew nuts, wild bird seed, and cereal products, especially macaroni. The adult rice weevil can fly and is attracted to lights. When disturbed, adults pull in their legs, fall to the ground, and feign death. The larval rice weevil must complete its development inside a seed kernel or a man-made equivalent, like macaroni products. Larval rice weevils have been known to develop in hard caked flour. The adult female eats a cavity into a seed and then deposits a single egg in the cavity, sealing in the egg with secretions from her ovipositor. The larva develops within the seed, hollowing it out while feeding. The larva then pupates within the hollow husk of the grain kernel.

Biology The adult female rice weevil lays an average of 4 eggs per day and may live for four to five months. The full life cycle may take only 26 to 32 days during hot summer months, but requires a much longer period during cooler weather. The eggs hatch in about 3 days. The larvae feed inside the grain kernel for an average of 18 days. The pupa is naked and the pupal stage lasts an average of 6 days. The new adult will remain in the seed for 3 to 4 days while it hardens and matures.

Control The most important aspect of control is location of the source of the infestation. Place sticky traps around the room to locate the infestation, if not initially or easily located. Sticky traps with a higher density of rice weevils attached are probably closest to the infestation site. Common sources of infestations include decorative "Indian corn" saved from Thanksgiving, wild bird seed, dry plant arrangements that contain wheat or other seed heads, popcorn, beanbags or toys stuffed with grain, macaroni products, and seeds for sprouting. Infested materials should be destroyed or disposed of. All life stages can be killed by extreme heat (120°F for one hour) or cold (0°F for a week). The best control measure is to store products likely to be infested in pest-proof containers of plastic, glass, or metal. Seeds and nuts can be stored long term by adding a 1 inch cube of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to a quart mason jar of seeds and sealing the lid. The carbon dioxide atmosphere discourages all stored product pests. Infestations in non-food areas can be treated with space sprays or crack and crevice treatments with residual insecticides having rice weevils listed on the label. Infestations in large quantities of grain are controlled by fumigation.




 Subspecies:

beata

   beata 
   stuarti 
   beatifica 
   hewitsonius

aedon

   aedon 
   narcissus 
   rodriguezi 
   salvini

amydon

   amydon 
   zenodorus 
   tryphon 
   boliviensis 
   ferdinandi 
   pericles 
   trajanus 
   rubella 
   phalcidon

claudina

   sardanapalus 
   lugina 
   lugens 
   intermedia 
   croesus 
   claudina 
   claudia


Bennet Drawings Fish Ceylon

E. arete E. mnestra E. scipio E. alecto E.pronoe E. gorgone

E. ceto   E melampus E.lappona

http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/DisaAlpine_e.php

Gavarnie Ringlet
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
(unranked) Rhopalocera
Superfamily: Papilionoidea
Family: Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Satyrinae
Genus: Erebia
Species: E. gorgone
Binomial name
Erebia gorgone
(Boisduval ,1832)

The Gavarnie Ringlet (Erebia gorgone) is a member of the Satyrinae subfamily of Nymphalidae. It is a high altitude butterfly found in France and Spain, notably at Cirque de Gavarnie in the Pyrenees National Park.

 This Nymphalidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.



Name: Kluk, Jan Krzysztof Geboren: 13.09.1739 in Ciechanowec Gestorben: 02.07.1796 in Ciechanowec Interessen: Bemerkung: Geistlicher Porträt im DEI: nein Sammlungsverbleib: Zitat(e): Anonym 1876: [Kluk, J. K.] - Encykl. roln. 3 596-597 Banaszak, J. 1987: [Kluk, K.] - Sphecos 15 9-10 B15 11907 Horn, W. H. R. & Schenkling, S. 1928-1929: Index Litteraturae Entomologicae, Serie I: die Welt-Literatur über die gesamte Entomologie bis inklusive 1863. - Berlin-Dahlem, Selbstverlag


Morocco provides a refuge for a rich and diverse flora with about 4,500 taxa, of which 600 to 650 are endemic.The phytogeographic] zones of Morocco are 1. Lower Mediterranean Zone- coastal (0-500m) , Middle Mediterranean Zone -(500-1000m), Upper Mediterranean Zone- (1000-1500m)

2 Cedar Zone- (1000-2000m)

3 Subalpine-(2000-2500m)

4 Alpine Zone-(2500m+)

5 Semi -desert scrub

6 Reg

7 Sandy Desert

8 Oases

1 MEDITERRANEAN OR COASTAL ZONE Maquis and Garrique Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe,Mediterranean woodlands and forests, Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests, lower Northern slopes of Rif and Tell Atlas.

The climax vegetation of the Mediterranean coast is a well developed maquis commonly associated with Clematis , Smilax, Lonicera and Asparagus. Except in innaccessible or protected places the vegetation has been heavily grazed by domestic animals and this degraded maquis ,called garrigue, is widespread.Poterium spinosum ,various Salvia and Cistus are the dominant plants of the garrigue.A prominent feature of the coastal vegetation is the presence of a large exotic flora :- Casuarina , Eucalyptus , Citrus, loquat and Opuntia ficus indica are examples.Several species of steppe Acacia are common elements.The cultivated area which is extensive is wholly artificial and imported plants dominate the landscape.The meadows,orchards and wetter places in the maquis support such plants as fennel.

Characteristic plants are Pinus halepensis , Erica arborea, Arbutus unedo , Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Clematis cirrhosa, Asparagus acutifolius, Phlomis viscosa, Scilla autumnalis and Squilla peruviana, Narcissus tazetta, Iris palaestina, Colchicum steveni, Arisarum vulgare[2] , Pinus spp., Quercus macrolepis, Ceratonia siliqua , Pistacia atlantica,Pistacea terebinthe , Crataegus azorollus [3] , Amygdalus communis , Rhamnus alaternus [4] , Cistus spp., especially Cistus monspeliensis , Cistus laurifolius and Cistus salviifolius , Juniperinus phoenicea[5] , Phlomis spp. [6], Helichrysum italicum, Salvia spp. [7], Satureia spp. [8] , Poterium spp., Arabis spp., Reseda spp. [9], Aristolochia pallida, A. boetica, A. longa paucinervis, A. fontanesi, A.rotunda, A.pistolochia [10] Tropaeolum majus , Lavandula stoechas Jasminium fruticans [11]and Brassica spp.

1.2 Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands 1.21 Mediterranean woodlands and forests

2 THE CEDAR FORESTS A mere remnant of their former glory the cedar forests are still impressive covering large areas of the Middle Atlas.The dominant plant Cedrus libanoticus is peculiar to this zone along with Juniperus foetidissima and a multitude of low plants:-Iberis odorata , I. ciliata, I. taurica, Centaurea spp., Prunus amygdalus, P. persica, P. institia , P. longipes, Pyrus communis, Malus domestica, Crategus oxyacantha Sisymbrium spp., Lunaria biennis, Capparis spinosa , Raphanus raphanistrum, Isatis tinctoria continue There is a total lack of the oak dominated maquis of the Mediterranean zone and the lower limit of the zone of the Cedar is demonstrated by the lack of Berberis cretica.

2.2 Middle Atlas Lakes, protected areas.

  • Lac Aguelmame Aziza [12] in French
  • Lac Ouiouane [13] in French
  • Lac Aguelmame Sidi Ali [14] in French
  • Lac Daït Iffer [15] in French
  • Lac Bin El Ouidanne Ouaouizerth [ }

Parc national d'Ifrane [16] in French

  • Parc national de Tazekka [17]In French


3 THE SUB-ALPINE ZONE The disappearance of Cedrus libanoticus.and the presence of Onobrychis cornuta signal the beginning of the Sub-Alpine zone Characterised by the absence of trees most notably the fir and the cedar this is a montane habitat of some vigour.The dominant vegtation is pads of thorny Astragalus , Onobrychis (with cornuta as the most typical) and Acantholimon ,interspersed with stands of Berberis cretica. Juniperus excelsa survives here and there.The sub-alpine zone is part in the Middle Atlas , part in the High Atlas.

3a Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe[18](Cedar, juniper, pine, and oak forests cover approximately one-third of this ecoregion. At high altitudes, junipers dominate the landscape.The key species is Juniperus thurifera. Even higher, the forests eventually give way to alpine meadows, pseudo-steppe vegetation, and finally scree slopes where purple cushion plants bloom. River valleys wind through the landscape, their rich, moist soil supporting willows, poplars, oaks, hawthorns, and a carpet of oleander). 4 THE ALPINE ZONE Alpine conditions are encountered above 2,500m. and the special features of high mountains are enhanced by the dryness of the climate.Typically the zone begins with the disappearance of Berberis, Marrubium and Phlomis and the appearance of Vicia canescens in enormous quantity.The most important botanical characteristic is the presence of a hundred or so plants found nowhere else in Morocco,many of them endemic.The Subalpine and Alpine zones are both heavily overgrazed in many areas and this has left a mark on the vegetation.The success of plants such as Vicia canescens and Erodium trichomanifolium is undoubtedly due to the fact that they are unpalatable to goats.The sub-alpine zone is part in the Middle Atlas, part in the High Atlas.


5/6/7 THE DESERT ZONES:-SEMI-DESERT SCRUB, REG AND SANDY DESERT The Anti-Atlas and Djbel (Montane)Sahara.

The Sahara desert is essentially a desert of herbs and small shrubs with larger shrubs and trees where moisture levels are higher.The dwarf-shrub community in the north comprises shrubs of less tha 1m. in height (usually about 50cm.)as dominants.The bushes are often widely spaced, with a considerable amount of bare stony ground between the clumps which gives the vegetation a very parched appearance in the summers.Typical plants are Ziyphyrus lotus, Tamarix spp., Acacia spp., Zizyphyrus spina-cristae, Moringa aptera, Salvadora persica , Thymus spp., Artemesia herba-alpa , Noaea mucronata , Heliathemum spp., Ratama retam , Periploca aphylla, Sueda spp.Salsola spp, Atriplex spp., Ephedre alta, Haloxylon articulatum, Pistacia atlantica, and Achillea santolina, In steppe areas where the scrub vegetation is hardly developed desert grasses of a multiplicity of species are the climax vegetation Ephemerals are common in the north,halophytes in the sandy areas.Succulent plants are uncommon.The sandy desert has virtually no vegetation. With rain vegetation increases in wadis (oueds - vallies, gullies, or streambeds that remain dry except during the rainy season),depressions and wherever runoff water augments rainfall.The soils of the Sahara are formed of rock debris and desert detritus and are very weakly developed. The characteristic species of these true desert areas which decrease as desert scrub becomes reg and then sandy desert are:-Acacia albida, A.raddiana, A. seyal, A. tortilis, Achillea santolina, Alyssum macrocalyx, Anabasis aretoides, A. articulata, Androcymbium punctataum, Aristoides coerulescens, A.pungens, Artemesia herba-alpa, A monosperma, Astagulus tribuloides, Atriplex halimus, Balenites aegyptiaca, Caligonum comosum, Caltropis procera, Cenchrus ciliaris, Citrullus colocynthis Danthonia forskalii, Ephedra alata, Euphorbia guyonianum,Deverra scopularia, D. chloranthus Linaria aegyptica Plantago media Annarhinum fruticosum Haloxylon guyonianum, Macrua crassifolia, Nerium oleander, Olea europea, Panicum turgidum, Phoenix dactylifera, Populus euphratica, Prosopis stephaniana, Retama retam, Rhus oxyacanthae, Roetboellia hirsuta, Salsola foetida, S.inermis, Salvadora persica, Sesili varium, Stipa tortilis, Suaeda fruticosa, S.vermiculata, Tamarix articulata, Zilla spinosa, Zizyphus lotus, Z.spinachrista, Zygophyllum coccineum, Z. decumbens, Z dumosum, and the caper bush.[19]

7.1 Sahara plant iages[20]In French

8. RIVERS AND OASES [21] in French The larger rivers serve to spread the vegetation of the Mediterranean zone q.v. further south and allow the introduction of the plants of Africa to the north.Both rivers and oases support many anthropogenic species resembling in extreme cases tropical botanic gardens.

The zones were established by the International Phytogeographic Excursion of 1936.

[edit] References

Rübel, E. & Lüdi, W. (eds) (1936) Ergebnisse der Internationalen pflanzengeographischen Exkursion durch Marokko und Westalgerien 1936. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich ; 14

[edit] External Links

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[edit] See Also

[edit] References

  • See [23] ADDy for link