Northern Territory

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For similar terms, see Northern Territories.

Coordinates: 20°0′S, 133°0′E

Northern Territory
Flag of Northern Territory Coat of Arms of Northern Territory
Flag Coat of Arms
Slogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top End
Motto(s): none
Map of Australia with Northern Territory highlighted
Other Australian states and territories
Capital Darwin
Government Constitutional monarchy
Administrator Tom Pauling
Chief Minister Paul Henderson (ALP)
Federal representation
 - House seats 2
 - Senate seats 2
Gross Territorial Product (2006-07)
 - Product ($m)  $13,405[1] (8th)
 - Product per capita  $63,548 (1st)
Population (End of December 2007)
 - Population  217,559 (8th)
 - Density  0.16/km² (8th)
0.4 /sq mi
Area  
 - Total  1,420,970 km² (3rd)
548,640 sq mi
 - Land 1,349,129 km²
520,902 sq mi
 - Water 71,839 km² (5.06%)
27,737 sq mi
Elevation  
 - Highest Mount Zeil
+1,531 m (5,023 ft)
 - Lowest Sea Level
Time zone UTC+9:30 (No DST)
Abbreviations  
 - Postal NT
 - ISO 3166-2 AU-NT
Emblems  
 - Floral Sturt's Desert Rose
 - Colours Black, white, and ochre
 - Bird Wedge-tailed Eagle
 - Animal Red Kangaroo
Web site www.nt.gov.au

The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent, as well as the central northern regions. It shares borders with Western Australia to the west, South Australia to the south, and Queensland to the east. To the north, the territory is bordered by the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Despite its large area, over 1,349,129 square kilometres (520,902 sq mi) – making it the third largest Australian federal division – it is sparsely populated. With a population of 217 559[2] , it is the least populous division in the country.

The history of the Northern Territory began over 40,000 years ago when Indigenous Australians settled the region. Makassan traders began trading with the indigenous people of the Northern Territory for trepang from at least the 18th century onwards, and very likely for 300 years prior to that, while the coast of the Territory was first seen by Europeans in the 17th century. The British were the first to attempt to settle the coastal regions of the Territory in the 19th century; however no attempt was successful until the establishment of a settlement at Port Darwin in 1869. Today the economy is based on tourism, especially Kakadu National Park in the Top End and the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park (Ayers Rock) in central Australia, and mining.

The capital city is Darwin. Perhaps unusually when compared with Australia's states, the population is not concentrated in coastal regions, but rather along the Stuart Highway. The other major settlements are Katherine, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek and Nhulunbuy in the territory's north-east.

Residents of the Northern Territory are often known simply as 'Territorians'.

Contents

[edit] History

Main article: History of the Northern Territory

Indigenous Australians have lived in the present area of the Northern Territory for an estimated 40,000 years, and extensive seasonal trade links existed between them and the peoples of what is now Indonesia for at least five centuries.

With the coming of the British, there were four early attempts to settle the harsh environment of the northern coast, of which three failed in starvation and despair. The Northern Territory was part of New South Wales from 1825 to 1863, except for a brief time from February 1846 until December 1846 when it was part of the short lived colony of North Australia, and part of South Australia from 1863 to 1911. Under the administration of South Australia, the overland telegraph was constructed by Charles Todd between 1870 and 1872. A railway was also built between Palmerston and Pine Creek between 1883 and 1889. The economic pattern of cattle raising and mining was established so that by 1911 there were 513 000 cattle. Victoria River Downs was at one time the largest cattle station in the world. Gold was found at Grove Hill in 1872 and at Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burrundi and copper was found at Daly River. Many of the miners were Chinese and subsequently deported under the White Australia Policy.

Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863
Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863

On 1 January 1911, a decade after federation, the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia and transferred to Commonwealth control. Alfred Deakin opined at this time "To me the question has been not so much commercial as national, first, second, third and last. Either we must accomplish the peopling of the northern territory or submit to its transfer to some other nation."

For a brief time between 1927 and 1931 the Northern Territory was divided into North Australia and Central Australia at the 20th parallel of South latitude. Soon after this time, parts of the Northern Territory were considered in the "Kimberley Scheme" as a possible site for the establishment of a Jewish Homeland, understandably considered the "Unpromised Land".

During World War II, most of the Top End was placed under military government. This is the only time since Federation that an Australian state or territory has been under military control. After the war, control for the entire area was handed back to the Commonwealth.

Indigenous Australians had struggled for rights to fair wages and land. An important event in this struggle was the strike and walk off by the Gurindji people at Wave Hill Cattle Station in 1966. The Commonwealth Government of Gough Whitlam set up the Woodward Royal Commission in February 1973 set to inquire into how land rights might be achieved in the Northern Territory. Justice Woodward's first report in July 1973 recommended that a Central Land Council and a Northern Land Council be established in order to present to him the views of Aboriginal people. In response to the report of the Royal Commission a Land Rights Bill was drafted, but the Whitlam Government was dismissed before it was passed.

The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 was eventually passed by the Fraser Government on 16 December 1976 and began operation on the following Australia Day (26 January 1977).

In 1978 the Territory was granted responsible government, with a Legislative Assembly headed by a Chief Minister.

During 1996 the Northern Territory was briefly one of the few places in the world with legal voluntary euthanasia, until the Federal Parliament overturned the legislation[3]. Before the overriding legislation was enacted, three people committed suicide through voluntary euthanasia, a practice orchestrated by Dr Philip Nitschke.

[edit] Government

The legislative assembly building in Darwin.
The legislative assembly building in Darwin.
Main article: Government of the Northern Territory

[edit] Northern Territory Legislative Assembly

Main article: Northern Territory Legislative Assembly

The Territory has a legislative assembly. Whilst this assembly exercises similar powers as the governments of the states of Australia, it does so by legislated delegation of powers from the commonwealth government, rather than by any constitutional right.

For several years there has been agitation for full statehood. A referendum was held on the issue in 1998, which was resolved in the negative. This was a shock to both the Northern Territory and Commonwealth governments, for opinion polls showed most Territorians supported statehood. However, under the Australian Constitution, the Federal government may set the terms of entry to full statehood. The Northern Territory was offered three Senators, rather than the twelve guaranteed to original states. (Because of the difference in populations, equal numbers of Senate seats would mean a Territorian's vote for a Senator would have been worth more than 30 votes in New South Wales or Victoria.) Alongside what was cited as an arrogant approach adopted by then Chief Minister Shane Stone, it is believed that most Territorians, regardless of their general views on statehood, were reluctant to adopt the particular offer that was made.[4]

The current head of government is Chief Minister Paul Henderson, who replaced Claire Martin on 26 November 2007. The leader of the opposition was Denis Burke, head of the Country Liberal Party, until the Territory elections of June 2005, where Burke lost his seat. The party then chose Terry Mills as the new Opposition Leader. Subsequently, Jodeen Carney took over for a time. In January 2008, Terry Mills again became the Opposition Leader.

The Territory is represented in the Commonwealth parliament by two members in the House of Representatives, currently Warren Snowdon and Damian Hale for the Australian Labor Party (ALP), and two members in the Senate, currently Trish Crossin for the ALP and Nigel Scullion for the CLP.

[edit] Northern Territory Legislative Council

Main article: Northern Territory Legislative Council

The Northern Territory Legislative Council was the partly elected governing body of the Northern Territory, Australia from 1947 until its replacement by the fully elected Northern Territory Legislative Assembly in 1974. The total enrolment for the 1947 election was 4443, all of whom were white. The Territory was split into five electorates: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor and Stuart.

[edit] Chief Minister

See also Chief Minister of the Northern Territory

The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory is the head of government of a self-governing territory, while the head of government of a state is a Premier. The Chief Minister is appointed by the Administrator of the Northern Territory, who in normal circumstances will appoint the head of whatever party holds the majority of seats in the legislature of the territory. The current Chief Minister of the Northern Territory is Paul Henderson.

[edit] Administrator of the Northern Territory

Main article: Administrator of the Northern Territory

The Northern Territory received self-government on 1 July 1978 under its own Administrator of the Northern Territory appointed by the Governor-General of Australia. The Commonwealth government, not the Government of the Northern Territory, advises the governor-general on appointment of the Administrator, but by convention, consults first with the Territory Government. The current Administrator, Mr Tom Pauling, was sworn in on 9 November 2007.

[edit] Local Government

Main article: Local Government Areas of the Northern Territory

The Northern Territory has 63 Local Government Areas; though only six councils are considered municipalities which include one shire, three towns and two cities. There are other types of local bodies. It is expected that in 2008 rationalisation of the Local Government bodies will occur, with the proposed changes mentioned below.

[edit] People

Population growth
estimates for Northern Territory
2006 212,600
2021 308,700[5]
2050 500,000[6]
Source: ABS
Darwin skyline from East Point
Darwin skyline from East Point

The population of the Northern Territory in late 2006 was estimated at 212,600[7] This was an 1.8% increase from the 2001 Australian Bureau of Statistics report and the population represents 1% of the total population of Australia. The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates that by 2021 the Territory's population will increase to around 308,700 people, and by the year 2050 the population would reach 500,000 people. The Northern Territory's population is the youngest in Australia, and has the largest proportion under 15 years of age and the smallest proportion aged 65 and over. The median age of residents of the Northern Territory is 30.3 years, almost six years younger than the national median age. More than 100 nationalities are represented in the Northern Territory's population, including more than 50 organisations representing different ethnic groups.[8]

More than 54% of Territorians live in Darwin, located in the territory's North (Top End). The greater Darwin metropolitan area and nearby Palmerston is home to an estimated 111,000 people. Less than half of the Territory's population live in the rural Northern Territory, other major centres include Alice Springs with a population of 28,000 people.

The Northern Territory's alcohol consumption rate is one of the highest in the world, and is the highest in Australia. In 2001 the alcohol consumption rate was estimated at 1120 standard drinks per person per year.[citation needed]

Indigenous Australian people make up 31 per cent of the Northern Territory's population and own some 49% of the land. The life expectancy of Aboriginal Australians is well below that of non-Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory, a fact that is mirrored elsewhere in Australia. ABS statistics suggest that Indigenous Australians die about 20 years earlier than the average Australian. The cities that make up these populations are, Darwin and nearby with 111,000 and There are Aboriginal communities in many parts of the territory, the largest ones being the Pitjantjatjara near Uluru, the Arrernte near Alice Springs, the Luritja between those two, the Warlpiri further north, and the Yolngu in eastern Arnhem Land.

See also: Australian Aboriginal Prehistoric Sites.

[edit] Religion

[edit] Land Rights

Aboriginal rock art in Kakadu National Park
Aboriginal rock art in Kakadu National Park

The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 established the basis upon which Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory could, for the first time, claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. In effect it allowed title to be transferred for most of the Aboriginal reserve lands and the opportunity to claim other land not owned, leased or being used by someone else.

The Land Councils are representative bodies with statutory authority under the Act. They also have responsibilities under the Native Title Act 1993 and the Pastoral Land Act 1992. There are four Land Councils in the Northern Territory, they are:

The Northern Territory Emergency Response provides for the Commonwealth Government to compulsorily acquire five year leases of townships currently held under the title provisions of the Native Title Act 1993 through with compensation on a basis other than just terms. (The number of settlements involved remains unclear.)

[edit] Education

[edit] Primary and secondary

A Northern Territory school education consists of six years of primary schooling, including one transition year, three years of middle schooling, and three years of secondary schooling. In the beginning of 2007, the Northern Territory introduced Middle School for Years 7-9 and High School for Years 10-12. Northern Territory children generally begin school at age five. On completing secondary school, students earn the Northern Territory Certificate of Education (NTCE). Students who successfully complete their secondary education also receive a tertiary entrance ranking, or ENTER score, to determine university admittance. An International Baccalaureate is offered at one school in the Territory - Kormilda College.

Northern Territory schools are either publicly or privately funded. Public schools, also known as state or government schools, are funded and run directly by the Department of Employment, Education and Training[9]. Private fee-paying schools include schools run by the Catholic Church and independent schools, some elite ones similar to English public schools. Some Northern Territory Independent schools are affiliated with Protestant, Lutheran, Anglican, Greek Orthodox or Seventh-day Adventist churches, but include non church schools and an Indigenous school.

As of 2007, the Northern Territory had 150 public schools, 15 Catholic schools and 20 independent schools. 33,000 students were enrolled in public schools, and 3,373 in private schools and 4,684 in catholic schools. The Northern Territory has about 4,000 full-time teachers.

[edit] Tertiary

The Northern Territory has one university. The Charles Darwin University enrolled its first student in 1987. Today Charles Darwin University has 19,000 students enrolled. The Northern Territory also has two government run TAFE institutes. The first tertiary institution in the territory was the Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education (established in mid 1960s).

[edit] Libraries

The Northern Territory State Library is the Territory's research and reference library. It is responsible for collecting and preserving the Northern Territory documentary heritage and making it available through a range of programs and services. Material in the collection includes books, newspapers, magazines, journals, manuscripts, maps, pictures, objects, sound and video recordings and databases.

[edit] Geography

Main article: Geography of the Northern Territory
Northern Territory towns, settlements and road network
Northern Territory towns, settlements and road network

There are many very small settlements scattered across the Territory but the larger population centres are located on the single sealed road that links Darwin to southern Australia, the Stuart Highway, known to locals simply as "the track".

The Northern Territory is also home to two spectacular natural rock formations, Uluru (Ayers Rock) and Kata Tjuta (The Olgas), which are sacred to the local Aboriginal peoples and which have become major tourist attractions.

In the northern part of the territory lies Kakadu National Park, which features breathtaking wetlands and native wildlife. To the north of that lies the Arafura Sea, and to the east lies Arnhem Land, whose regional centre is Maningrida on the Liverpool River delta. There is an extensive series of river systems in the Northern Territory these rivers include: Alligator River, Daly River, Finke River, McArthur River, Roper River, Todd River and Victoria River.

The Territory's symbols include the Sturt's Desert Rose (state flower), Red Kangaroo (state animal) and the Wedge-tailed Eagle (state bird).

[edit] Tourism

Tourism is one of the major industries on the Northern Territory. Iconic destinations such as Uluru and Kakadu make the Northern Territory a popular destination for domestic and international travellers. Diverse landscapes, spectacular waterfalls, wide open spaces, aboriginal culture, wild and untamed wildlife, all create a unique opportunity for the visitor to immerse themselves in the natural wonder that the Northern Territory offers. Images of Uluru (Ayers Rock) are recognised around the world ensuring that Tourism in the Northern Territory will remain a vital component of its future. In 2005/06, 1.38 million people visited the Northern Territory. They stayed for 9.2 million nights and spent over $1.5 billion.

[edit] National parks

Main article: protected areas of the Northern Territory (Australia)
Mount Sonder, the second highest mountain in the Northern Territory after nearby Mount Zeil, in West MacDonnell National Park
Mount Sonder, the second highest mountain in the Northern Territory after nearby Mount Zeil, in West MacDonnell National Park
Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu National Park
Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu National Park
Uluru, (Ayers Rock) one of the most well known images of the Northern Territory
Uluru, (Ayers Rock) one of the most well known images of the Northern Territory
The Ranger Mine
The Ranger Mine

[edit] Economy

Mining in the Northern Territory contributes around $2.5 billion to the gross state product and employs 4,600 people. The Northern Territory mining industry is concentrated on energy producing minerals, petroleum and energy. The Northern Territory's economy comprises mostly primary extractive industries, together with a significant amount of tourism.

The principal mining operations are:

Newly developed mines include:

The Ghan, which runs across the Territory from north to south, in Alice Springs.
The Ghan, which runs across the Territory from north to south, in Alice Springs.

[edit] Transport

Northern Territory is the most sparsely populated state or territory in Australia. Despite its sparse population there is a network of sealed roads connecting the major population centres, the neighboring states, and some other centres such as Uluru (Ayers Rock), Kakadu and Litchfield National Parks. The Stuart Highway, known as "The Track", runs north to south, connecting Darwin and Alice Springs to Adelaide. Some of the sealed roads are single lane bitumen. Many unsealed (dirt) roads connect the remoter settlements.

The Adelaide-Darwin Railway, a new standard gauge railway, connects Adelaide via Alice Springs with Darwin; replacing earlier narrow gauge railways which only went north as far as Alice Springs.

The Northern Territory was one of the few remaining places in the world with no speed restrictions on public roads. From 1 January 2007 a default speed limit of 110km/h applies on roads outside of urban areas (Inside urban areas of 40, 50 or 60km/h). Speeds of up to 130km/h are permitted on some major highways, such as the Stuart Highway[10].

As of June 2007 however road deaths are up 28.6 per cent on last year. The road toll has also increased, by 35.7 per cent.[11]

Darwin Airport is the major domestic and international airport for the Territory. A number of smaller airports are also scattered throughout the Territory and are served by smaller airlines; including Alice Springs Airport, Connellan Airport near Uluru and Tennant Creek Airport.

[edit] Climate

Average monthly maximum
temperature in Northern Territory
Month Darwin Alice Springs
January 31.8 °C 36.3 °C
February 31.4 °C 35.1 °C
March 31.9 °C 32.7 °C
April 32.7 °C 28.2 °C
May 32.0 °C 23.0 °C
June 30.6 °C 19.8 °C
July 30.5 °C 19.7 °C
August 31.3 °C 22.6 °C
September 32.5 °C 27.1 °C
October 33.2 °C 30.9 °C
November 33.2 °C 33.7 °C
December 33.6 °C 35.4 °C
Source: Bureau of Meteorology

The Northern Territory has two distinctive climate zones. The northern end, including Darwin has a tropical climate with high humidity and two seasons, the wet (November to April) and dry season (May to October), and Central Australia has a desert climate.

Darwin has a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season runs from May to September (the southern hemisphere winter), during which nearly every day is warm and sunny, and afternoon humidity averages around 30%. There is very little rainfall between May and September. In the coolest months of June and July, the daily minimum temperature may dip as low as 14°C, but very rarely lower, and frost has never been recorded.

The wet season is associated with tropical cyclones and monsoon rains. The majority of rainfall occurs between December and March (the southern hemisphere summer), when thunderstorms are common and afternoon relative humidity averages over 70% during the wettest months. On average more than 1570 mm falls in the North. While Central Australia receives less than 250mm a year.

The central region is the desert centre of the country, which includes Alice Springs and Ayers Rock, and is semi-arid with little rain usually falling during the hottest months from October to March.

Highest maximum temperature: 48.3 °C (118.9 °F), Finke, 2 January 1960

Lowest minimum temperature: -7.5 °C (18.5 °F), Alice Springs, 12 July 1976[12].

[edit] Media

[edit] Telecommunication technologies

There have been a number of programmes/strategies implemented, and articles written that highlight the need for an upgrade of the telecommunications infrastructure in the Northern Territory. To provide high speed broadband technologies, to all residents of the Northern Territory. Especially the disadvantaged Indigenous residents of remote communities.

  1. One such the programme was undertaken by Perry Morrison and published in Urban Studies in 2000. It was entitled “A Pilot Implementation of Internet Access for Remote Aboriginal Communities in the ‘Top End ‘of Australia. Which involved implementing an internet and email access programmes, to the four remote aboriginal communities of Milikapiti, Port Keats (Karudu Numida), Titjikala and Pirlangimpi. The overall project was a success; however it did expose some areas of concern, such as the lack line of quality in numerous communities throughout the Territory. This resulted in an inability to provide internet services to these communities. An Upgrade in telecommunications infrastructure was thought to be the answer to resolve this issue.
  2. A letter sent to the Australian House of Representatives Communications, Information Technologies and the Arts Committee by Minister of Corporate and Information Services Peter Toyne on the 18 June 2002. Inquiring into the opportunity of providing wireless Broadband Technologies to all Territorians. Highlighting the high cost of expanding the existing terrestrial ADSL Broadband infrastructure (particularly in remote areas) Compared to the fast and cheaper alternative of a wireless network. However if to be consider viable the wireless technology, would have to be proven to be reliable and affordable to all Australians.
  3. In addition to the letter of 2002 by Peter Toyne. The Remote Areas Telecommunications Strategy for 2003-2008 was commended to the Commonwealth Government. By the Minister for Communications Dr Peter Toyne of the Northern Territory Government. It focuses on delivering better telecommunication services to the indigenous residents of remote communities. While also making such telecommunication services reliable and affordable, so that all Territorians have the ability and opportunity to partake in the information age. The government hopes to achieve these goals through the following strategies
  • Equitable Access: By delivering Broadband services to remote communities, at the same cost of (within two years of introduction) the same Broadband services being provided in urban areas of Australia, and by developing infrastructure in one hundred and twenty remote communities throughout the Northern Territory. To provide quality large capacity telecommunication services to these areas over the five year period from 2003 to 2008.
  • Driving Demand: By providing education on consumer rights and responsibilities to the indigenous residents of remote communities. Targeting the indigenous residents of these remote communities by providing culturally appropriate content and applications. Also by improving private sector and government services to these remote communities.
  • Partnerships: Securing funding Territory wide to provide solutions to telecommunication infrastructure. Collaborating with indigenous organisations to develop, culturally appropriate content and applications, which will be utilised in the remote communities.
  • Efficient Delivery: Reducing the telecommunications cost to government, by forming agreements with local and remote community councils. Combining their access and demand needs to provide affordable telecommunication services.
  • Community Delivery: By supplying constant assistance in the remote communities by way of an entity or organisation, that assists the residents of the communities with any problems or issues. This entity or organisation could also liaise with the government, private sector and telecommunications organisations.

4. An article in the N.T Business review dated 13 December 2007 by Anastasia Govan. Entitled “Broadband debate the key to NT’s future”. In which Govan writes ” Despite all the noise about broadband during the weeks of the recent federal election, high speed telecommunications remain an elusive pipe dream for most of the Northern Territory” (2007 p.007) Broadband debate key to NT’s future . The article addresses the fact that the residents of remote Territory communities (most of whom are indigenous Australians) have little or no ability to access basic internet services. Such internet services are readily available in other states and taken for granted by most Australians. The gap in the quality of telecommunication services provided to the remote communities (if any in some cases), compared to the standard provided

In metropolitan areas of Australia is only getting bigger. To rectify this problem a strategy utilising both optical and wireless technologies is needed. To delivery these high speed broadband services to all Australians. As Govan (2007 p.007) (Broadband key to NT’s future) states “This issue must be addressed in the next six to two months if we are to maintain our global Competitiveness”. Australian’s reputation as a nation of innovators and problem solvers is in peril, unless changes to telecommunication infrastructure are created and implemented.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2006-07
  2. ^ Northern Territory ABS statistics, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0/
  3. ^ Federal Parliament NT Legislation, http://www.nt.gov.au/lant/parliament/committees/rotti/parldebate.shtml
  4. ^ ABC Lateline Discussion [Current Affairs]. Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  5. ^ 3222.7 - Population Projections, Northern Territory, 1999 to 2021. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2001-07-25).
  6. ^ Northern Territory Government (2005-10-13). "Working To Grow The Territory Population". Press release.
  7. ^ 3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Jun 2007. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2007-12-04).
  8. ^ Our Different Cultures. Northern Territory Government (2007-06-14).
  9. ^ Department of Employment, Education and Training, http://www.deet.nt.gov.au/education/
  10. ^ Speed limit introduced Northern Territory Introduces Speed Limits. CarAdvice.com.au (2006-11-04).
  11. ^ “Monthly Bulletin”, Road Deaths Australia (Australian Transport Safety Bureau): 2, 2007-06-12, ISSN 1449-1168, <http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2007/pdf/mrf062007.pdf> 
  12. ^ World Extremes, http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/worldtp.html
  • Hill, Ernestine. 1951. The Territory: The classic saga of Australia's far north. Angus & Robertson. Reprint: 1995. ISBN 0-207-18821-1
  • Govan, A. (2007) Broadband debate key to NT's future. N.T Business Review, vol. N/A, no. N/A, p.7
  • Morrison, P. (2000) a pilot implementation of internet access for remote aboriginal communities in the "Top end" Of Australia. Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No.10, pp. 1781-1792.
  • Toyne, P. (2002) Northern Territory Governments Response to the House of Representatives Communications, Information Technology & the Arts Committee inquiry into Wireless Broadband Communications. In N.T. GOVERNMENT (Ed.) (pp. 3). Darwin: Northern Territory Government.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links