North Devon cattle
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The North Devon is a breed of cattle from the south west of England[1]. It is a rich red colour, and this gives rise to the popular nicknames of Devon Ruby and Red Ruby. The breed is also sometimes known just as the Devon – but "North Devon" is more commonly used to avoid confusion with the yellowish brown South Devon breed.
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[edit] Origin of the breed
The native home of the Devon is in southwest England, primarily in the counties of Devon, Somerset, Cornwall, and Dorset. History records[citation needed] that the Romans took notice of the red cattle of southern England, and the North Devon is one of the modern breeds derived from these cattle, together with the Hereford, Sussex, Lincoln Red and Red Poll
[edit] In the United States
In 1623 the ship Charity brought a consignment of red cattle (one bull and three heifers) from Devon to Edward Winslow, the agent for Plymouth Colony – these may have been of North Devon type.
In the United States, the early improvers of the Devon breed were Francis Quartly and his brothers William and Henry, and John Tanner Davy and his brother William. Colonel John Tanner Davy founded the Devon herdbook in 1850. In 1884, the Devon Cattle Breeders' Society was organized and took over the herdbook.
Although the Devon was originally a horned breed, American stockmen developed a polled strain of purebred Devons. It traces back to the bull Missouri 9097, a hornless "sport" that was born in 1915 in the purebred Devon herd owned by Case and Elling in Concordia, Missouri.[citation needed]
The Devon was previously classified as a dual-purpose breed. Over the past half century, however, the breed has, through selection, evolved as a beef-type breed. The rate of maturity has been accelerated, and a common criticisms of light hindquarters and sickle hocks have been reduced to minimum. Devons have become longer, taller, and trimmer but not to such extremes as in some other breeds. The traditional multi-purpose animals still exist in the United States and are now known as the Milking Devon, though they are very rare. They are registered with the American Milking Devon Cattle Association.[2]
[edit] Characteristics of the modern breed
Devon cattle are red in colour, varying in shade from a rich deep red to a light red or chestnut colour. A bright ruby red colour is preferred and accounts for their nickname, the "Red Ruby". The hair is of medium thickness and is often long and curly during the winter, but short and sleek in summer. The switch of the tail is creamy white.
Mature bulls in good working condition weigh from 1,700 lb (770 kg) to about 2,200 lb (1,000 kg). Mature cows range in weight from about 950 lb (430 kg) to about 1,300 lb (590 kg). Thus, Devons have enough size to be practical and profitable without the handicap of excessive maintenance cost.
Calving problems are seldom encountered although a growing stress on using larger bulls has increased the incidence of difficult births. At birth male calves range from about 55 lb (25 kg) to 95 lb (43 kg), and heifer calves from about 45 lb (20 kg) to 90 lb (41 kg).[citation needed]
The functional characteristics of the Devon make them a valuable genetic tool for the commercial beef industry. The breed has long been noted for its fertility, ease of calving, docility, hardiness and ability to adapt to temperature extremes. The well-developed heat-regulating mechanism of the scrotum of Devon bulls give them an unusual ability to remain fertile despite extremely high environmental temperatures.[citation needed]
Devons are active good "walkers" and are excellent foragers. Their ability to utilize grass and other forages efficiently has heightened their popularity in areas like southern Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand.
In recent years however, the breed has fallen out of favour, as more rapidly-growing continental breeds were in demand by both the farmer and butcher because of their speed of maturity and the quantity of higher-value cuts they produce. However, that meat has always been of a lower-eating quality than that of the slower-maturing grass-fed traditional breeds.
