North-West Frontier (military history)

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The North-West Frontier of British India was fought over almost continuously from the British annexation of the Punjab after the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49), until the British left India in 1947. The military history of the region has been a succession of uprisings by the native Pashtun (or Pathan as the British called them) tribes, each suppressed with more or less blood spilled, punctuated by major wars against Afghanistan. Many British officers who went on to distinguished command in World War I and World War II learnt their soldiering on the North-West Frontier.

Contents

[edit] Chronology

[edit] Before 1849

[edit] Sikh Empire (1799-1849)

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ), also called "Sher-e-Punjab" ("The Lion of the Punjab") (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. His Samadhi is located in Lahore, Pakistan.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Sikh born in 1780 in Gujranwala in modern day Pakistan, into the Sansi-Sandhawalia family. At the time much of the Punjab region was ruled by the Sikhs, who had divided the territory among factions known as misls. Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala. Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the young age of 12. After several campaigns, his rivals accepted him as their leader, and he united the Sikh factions into one state and he took the title of Maharaja on April 12, 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day), with Lahore having served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the holy city of Amritsar.

He then spent the following years fighting the Afghans, driving them out of western Punjab. He also captured Pashtun territory including Peshawar. This was the first time ever that Pashtuns were ruled by non-Muslims. In a historical perspective, this event was very important. For more than a thousand years invaders had come down from the Khyber pass and ruled eastern lands. Ranjit Singh reversed this trend. When the Sikh empire finally fell to the English, they were able to retain this province. He captured the province of Multan which encompassed the southern parts of Punjab, Peshawar (1818), Jammu and Kashmir (1819) and the hill states north of Anandpur, the largest of which was Kangra. Maharaja Ranjit Singh also hired European mercenaries to train his troops, creating a powerful military force whose presence delayed the eventual British colonization of Punjab.

He also modernized his army, hiring European mercenaries to create the first modern Indian Army. The effect was to create a powerful and heavily armed state; at this point, Punjab was the only state not controlled by the British. Then in 1849 after the two consecutive Anglo-Sikh Wars Punjab was annexed by the British.

The British Empire annexed Punjab in c.1845-49 AD; after two Anglo Sikh Wars

More work required here re conflict before the British.

[edit] 1849-1858

In the period following the annexation of the Punjab in 1849 until the Indian Mutiny in 1857, several expeditions were undertaken against almost every tribe along the whole of the North-West Frontier.

  • Operations against the Baizai (1849)
  • Operations in the Kohat Pass (1850) Kohat Pass
  • Mohmand Expeditions (1851-2)
  • Ranizai Expedition (1852)
  • First Black Mountain Expedition (1852)
  • Shirani Expedition (1853)
  • Afridi Expedition (1853)
  • Aka Khel Expedition (1854)
  • Operations against the Orakzais (1855)
  • Miranzai Valley Expeditions (1855-6)
  • Bozdar Expedition (1857)
  • Expedition against the Hindustani Fanatics (1857-8)
  • Sepoy Rebellion (1857-8) (Indian Mutiny)

[edit] 1859-1878

  • Kabul Khel Expedition (1859)
  • Mahsud Expedition (1860)
  • Umbeyla Campaign (1863)
  • Operations at Shabkadar (1863-4)
  • Second Black Mountain Expedition (1868)
  • Bazotee Expedition (1868)
  • Operations in the Tochi Valley (1872)
  • Jowaki Expedition (1877-8)
  • Operations against the Utman Khel (1878)

[edit] 1878-1898

  • Second Afghan War (1878-1880)
  • Zakka Khel Expeditions (1878-9)
  • Operations against the Mohmands (1878-80)
  • Operations against the Zaimukht (1878-9)
  • Operations against the Marris (1880)
  • Mahsud-Waziri Expedition (1881)
  • Expedition to the Takht-i-Suliman (1883)
  • Third Black Mountain Expedition (1888)
  • Operations in the Zhob Valley (1890-1)
  • Fourth Black Mountain Expedition (1891)
  • Miranzai Expeditions (1891)
  • Hunza-Nagar Expedition (1891)
  • Mahsud Expedition (1894-5)
  • Chitral Campaign (1895)
  • Tochi Valley Expedition (1897)
  • Operations of the Malakand Field Force (1897)
  • Operations of the Buner Field Force (1897)
  • Tirah Campaign (1897)

[edit] 1898-1914

  • Mahsud Blockade (1900-2)
  • Zakha Khel Expedition (1908)
  • Mohmand Expedition (1908)

[edit] 1914-1918 (First World War)

[edit] 1919-1939 (Between the Wars)

[edit] 1939-1947 (Second World War to Independence)

[edit] Withdrawal

Upon Indepedence of Pakistan in 1947, the new Government decided to withdraw from the Frontier. This was accomplished in December of 1947 in Operation Curzon.

[edit] References