Nilo Peçanha
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| Nilo Procópio Peçanha | |
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| In office June 14, 1909 – November 15, 1910 |
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| Vice President | None |
| Preceded by | Afonso Pena |
| Succeeded by | Hermes da Fonseca |
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| Born | October 2, 1867 Campos, Rio de Janeiro |
| Died | March 31, 1924 (aged 56) Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro |
| Nationality | Brazilian |
| Political party | None |
| Spouse | Anita de Castro Belisário de Sousa |
Nilo Procópio Peçanha (October 2, 1867 - March 31, 1924). Brazilian politician. President of Rio de Janeiro State (1903-1906). Elected vice-president in 1906, he assumed the presidency in 1909 following the death of President Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena and served until 1910.
He was born into a very poor family, the son of a baker who was know as "Sebastião da Padaria". He was often pejoratively described as having African ancestry, being given the nickname "mestiço of Morro do Coco" (a very poor neighborhood in his native city) or just otherwise being labeled as a mulatto. Letters falsely attributed to Marshal Hermes da Fonseca called him a mulatto, which caused one of the Old Republic's greatest political scandals. Nevertheless, many historians doubt that he was really a descendant of slaves. In any case, his origins were very humble: sometimes he told that he was raised with day-old bread and paçoca (cassava flour grounded with jerked beef).
He finished his primary studies in his home city and went on to study at the Law Schools of São Paulo and Recife, where he earned his degree.
Peçanha was married to Ana Belisário de Souza, the descendant of an aristocratic and wealthy family from his birth city. She was a daughter of lawyer João Belisário Soares de Souza and of Ana Rachel Ribeiro de Castro, who was herself a daughter of the viscount of Santa Rita, one of the richest man in Brazil. The marriage was a social scandal since the bride escaped her house to marry her poor and "mulatto" groom, despite his status as a promising young politician[1].
Supporting both the campaign to abolish slavery and and the establishment of the Republic, Peçanha started his formal political career as an elected member of the constituent assembly of 1890. In 1903 he was successively elected Senator and then President for the state of Rio de Janeiro, remaining in the latter post until 1906 when he was elected vice-president under Afonso Pena. With Pena's death in 1909 while still in office, Peçanha assumed the presidency.
His government was marked by friction with José Gomes Pinheiro Machado, leader of the Conservative Republican Party, due to their differences in political views. Thanks to the civilian campaign of Ruy Barbosa, relations between the state oligarchies intensified, particularly those of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Peçanha created the Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, as well as the Indian Protection Service (SPI) and inaugurated in Brazil the first system of technical schools in Brazil. He also began a basic sanitation program in the Baixada Fluminense region.
At the end of his mandate, he returned to the Senate and two years later was again elected governor of Rio de Janeiro. He gave up this post in 1917 to take up the position of Minister of Foreign Relations.
In 1918 he was again elected to the Senate, and in 1921 was a leader of the Republican Reaction Movement, which had the goal of comparing the politics of liberalism against those of the state oligarchies. It was defeated in the elections of March 1, 1922, though it had support in Rio Grande do Sul, the state of Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco.
Peçanha died in 1924 in Rio de Janeiro, retired from political life.
[edit] Ministers
- Minister of Justice: Esmeraldino Olímpio Torres Bandeira
- Minister of the Navy: Rear Admiral Alexandrino Faria de Alencar
- Minister of War: 1st: General Carlos Eugênio de Andrade Guimarães; 2nd: General José Bernardino Bormann
- Minister of Foreign Relations: José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior, Barão do Rio Branco
- Minister of Finance: José Leopoldo de Bulhões Jardim
- Minister of Industry, Transportation and Public Works: 1st: Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida; 2nd: Francisco Sá
- Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce: 1st: Antônio Cândido Rodrigues; 2nd: Francisco Sá - intern; 3rd: Rodolfo Nogueira da Rocha Miranda
[edit] Bibliography
- KOIFMAN, Fábio, Organizador - Presidentes do Brasil, Editora Rio, 2001.
- PEÇANHA, Celso, Nilo Peçanha e a Revolução Brasileira, Editora Civilização Brasileira, 1969.
- SILVA, Hélio, Nilo Peçanha – 7º Presidente do Brasil, Editora Três, 1983.
- SANTIAGO, Sindulfo, Nilo Peçanha, uma Época Política, Editora Sete, 1962.
- TINOCO, Brígido, A Vida de Nilo Peçanha, Editora Jose Olympio, 1962.
[edit] External Links
- O governo Nilo Peçanha no sítio oficial da Presidência da República do Brasil
- Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional em 1910
| Preceded by Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena |
President of Brazil 1909–1910 |
Succeeded by Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca |
| Vice-President of Brazil 1906–1909 |
Succeeded by None, eventually Venceslau Brás Pereira Gomes |
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| Preceded by Quintino Antônio Ferreira de Sousa |
President of Rio de Janeiro 1903–1906 |
Succeeded by Francisco Chaves de Oliveira Botelho |
See also: List of Presidents of Brazil
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