User talk:Nijestic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Welcome, Nijestic!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions!
You might like to check out our tutorial, a resource created especially for new users like yourself.
You also may want to introduce yourself to the community at the new user log.
I would suggest a look through our policies and guidelines.
If you have any questions, you can ask me on my talk page, or at our questions forum.
I hope very much you enjoy being here with us, and I wish you luck with your contributions.

[edit] Additional tips

Here are some extra tips to help you get around in Wikipedia:

  • If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
  • You can sign your name using three tildes (~). If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
  • You may want to add yourself to the new user log.
  • If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
  • If you're still entirely confused, or would like to get a better grasp of your wikipedia skills, and you have an IRC client (or don't mind getting one), check out the Bootcamp. It's not what it sounds like, but it is fun and can help you with your editing skills.

[edit] Current open tasks

[edit]

Here are some tasks you can do:

Good luck.


George Washington - First President of United states, known as "father of country"
John Jay - One of Author's of the Federalist papers, first Chief justice of united states
Thomas Jefferson - Author of the Declaration of Independence, has the same birthday as I do
John Adams - Second President of the United States,help draft constitution
James Madison - "father of the Constitution," contributed to federalist papers
Henry Knox - Colonel of Continental Army's artillery unit, captured for Ticonderoga
Alexander Hamilton - Co-Author of Federalist papers, Huge Federalist Fan
Talleyrand - French Diplomat, "prince of diplomats", worked under Napolean
Napolean - French Emperor, known to be a military genius, ruled territory from portugal to italy

Bill of Rights - First 10 amendments outlining rights of citizens
9th Amendment - certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people
10th Amendment - powers not given by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the States, are reserved to the States
Farewell Address of 1796 - Written by George Washington at end of second term, refused to server third term
Strict Construction - interpretation of the US Constitution should be based only on adhering to the ‘original intent’
Loose Construction - same thing but based on interpretation of the constitution
Original Cabinet Positions - Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Secretary of War,
Virginia Plan - AKA: Randolph Plan, based legistative votes on population of states
New Jersey Plan - based legistlative votes equally between all states
The Great Compromise - Combined two aforementioned plans into one
Three-Fifths Compromise - Slaves count as 3/5 of a person towards population, giving Virginia plan a slight edge
The Federalist Papers - Essays written by John Jay, Madison, and alexander hamilton.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions - Protest against alien and sedition acts, drafted by Jefferson and Madison
Electoral College - body of electors chosen to elect the President and Vice President of the United States
Ratification - to confirm or sanction
Anti-Federalist - People who are against a strong government, power to the states
Federalist - People who want a strong central government
Whiskey Rebellion - Refusal to pay a tax, repealed pretty quickly
Compact Theory - formation of the nation was through a compact by all of the states individually
Jay's Treaty with France - Regulating commerce between Great Britain and US, caused problems with France
XYZ Affair - Pay tribute to France stop privateering american ships
Alien & Sedition Act - three laws restricting aliens, Naturalization Act, Alien Friends Act, and Alien Enemies Act
Political Parties -
Northwest Ordinance 1787 - basic framework of the American territorial system
Shay's Rebellion - uprising by Massachusetts farmers against harsh treatment of debtors
Treaty of Grenville 1795 - End to northwest Indian War, Indians turned over Ohio
Articles of Confederation - organised the 13 states that had declared independence from Great Britain.
Land Ordinance 1785 - raise money through the sale of land west of colonies
Judiciary Act 1789 - Set court system in new constitution
Elastic Clause - only create laws for the nation that were necessary to keep the country moving forward
Pinckney's Treaty 1795 - Established intentions for friendship between Spain and US
Neutrality Proclamation 1793 - declared US as neutral between Great Britain and France

50: The article's of confederation didn't give any base between the states themselves, which could have caused problems with money and trading between states.
51:Rhode Island, Delaware, and New Jersey resisted the constitution. They finally ratified because if they didn't, they realised they were dumb.
52:
53:
54:
55:
56:
57:
58:
59:


JAY HOMEWORK DO NOT DELETE

John Adams: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams, the second President. William Clark: One of two explorers who pioneered the louisianna purchase

Meriwether Lewis: The other of two adventurers who pioneered the louisianna purchase.

Aaron Burr: United States politician who served as vice president under Jefferson

James Madison: 4th President of the United States. Member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776

Henry Clay: United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

William Henry Harrison: 9th President of the United States. Caught pneumonia during his inauguration and died shortly after

Tecumseh: a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement

Andrew Jackson: 7th president of the US. Expanded the power of the presidency

Alexander I: the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia

Sacajawea: Indian guide for Lewis and Clark

Zebulon Pike: Led an expedition to explore the SW part of the Louisiana Purchase.

John Calhoun: Important politician during the early 19th century.

James Monroe: Close ally of Thomas Jefferson. Fifth President of the United States.

Francis Scott Key: Wrote National anthem, lawyer, captured.

Daniel Webster: leading American statesman during the nation's antebellum era.

Samuel Chase: Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and a signer of the United States Decleration of Independence.

Napoleon Bonaparte: Leader of France who tries to take over europe.

Thomas Macdonough: early 19th century American naval officer.

John Quincy Adams: 6th President of the United States; son of John Adams.

Oliver Hazard Perry: United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

Non-Intercourse Act: Act attempting to cripple france and britain economically

Judiciary Act 1801: reduce number of seats in supreme court.

Midnight Judges: Judges appointed by John Adams the night before the end of his term as president.

Impressment: is the act of conscripting people to serve in the military or navy, usually by force and without notice.

Louisiana Purchase: Large land purchase in western NA, beginning of manifest destiny.

Chesapeake: Indians sided with british.

Naturalization Law 1802: New citizens of US must naturalize.

Neutrality Proclamation 1793: US tries to stay neutral in all foreign affairs, fears ill fated alliances.

Embargo Act 1807: series of laws passed by the Congress of the United States between the years 1806-1808.

Macon's Bill #2: intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. If you stop, we'll trade.

War Hawks: Party who wants war with Paris, GB.

Hartford Convention: New England talks of secession.

Battle of New Orleans: battle in which the Union gained control of the largest Confederate city without a single casualty.

Tariff of 1816: GB tries dumping cheap goods on the US.

Era of Good Feelings: No zealous party divisions during James Monroe.

Tallmadge Amendment: Amendment that would prohibit the further introduction of slaves.

Florida Purchase Treaty: US buys florida.

Gibbons vs. Odgen: Trial that determined regulation of trade between states.

Marbury vs. Madison: Judicial review established

Mosquito Fleet: Navy under law of Thomas Jefferson is weak with small ships.

Orders in Council: Specific use of an order of the British Privy Council, made under the Royal prerogative, during the Napoleonic Wars.



J unit 6

Black Hawk: Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States

Andrew Jackson: Seventh president of the United States.

Santa Anna: Mexican general and dictator, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

William Harrison: 9th president of the United States.

Daniel Webster: Orator, US Senator, Secretary of State, presidential candidate.

Sam Houston: United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico.

Stephen Austin: Father of Texas.

James Bowie: United States pioneer and hero of the Texas revolt against Mexico.

Nicholas Biddle: American financier.

John Quincy Adams: 6th president of the United States.

Robert Hayne: Backed a high-tariff bill that would preserve manufacturing interest in Massachusetts.

Henry Clay: Responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states.

William Crawford: Member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Martin Van Buren: 8th president of the United States.

Peggy O'Neale: Chick with a pig.

Davey Crocket: Celebrated 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician.

John Calhoun: 7th VP and US senator.

New Democracy:

South Carolina Exposition: also known as Calhoun's Exposition, was written in 1828 by John C. Calhoun, in disguise under the pseudonym Mr. X.

Nullies:

Specie Circular: The government would only accept gold or silver for payment for land.

Bureau of Indian Affairs: Founded in 1824 as part of the War Department.

Electoral College: System in which states within the Union vote on representitives.

Spoils System: Favored retirement of national debt, just toward Indians, and state’s rights.

Tariff of 1832: Protectionist tariff in the United States.

Divorce Bill:

Seminole Conflict of 1835: Seminoles attack white people.

Whig Party: Political party generally against slavery and its expansion into the territories.

Tariff of Abominations 1828: Tarrif passed, very abominable.

The Kitchen Cabinet:

Force Bill: Authorized U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs.

Trail of Tears: Forced migration of Indians from the homelands.

Alamo: Battle lost in defense of Texas.

Panic of 1819: The bottom fell out of the market for agricultural products, land, and slaves.

Corrupt Bargain: 1824 election given to the House of Representitives due to Electoral not giving Popular vote.

Revolution of 1828:

Inaugural Brawl: Fight night at the white house.

Compromise Tariff of 1833:

Anti-Masonic Party: Former political party in the United States; founded in 1825 in opposition to Freemasonry in public affairs.

Pet Banks: Banks that benefited from government deposits.

1830 Indian Removal Act: Remove indians in 1830

Lone Star State: Texas

Bastard Politician:

Osceola: War chief of the Seminole Indians in Florida.

Denmark Vesey: United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged.

46: The panic of 1837 was caused by over speculation and reckless expansion. 47: The U.S. was slow to annex Texas because it was generally an evil thing to do. 48: Texas and the Mexican government couldn't agree on laws and politics and such. 49: THe old Democracy needed to go. 50: Southern made products were made more expensive because of slave labor. 51: Webster/Hayne debated about over expansion in the US and selling all land gained before gaining new land. 52: Jackson deposited Government money in banks. 53: Adams was in office during a time when there was only one political house. 54: Peggy O'neal made a big stink over a pig that ended up dead. 55: Western states makes more electoral votes. 56: Jackson was compared to a king because of the great expansions he made to the executive offices power. 57:


Unit 4 Study Guide.

1. B 2. G 3. C 4. A 5. E 6. D 7. H 8. F

9. George Washington: First president of United States

10. John Jay: American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, and jurist. Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the United States.

11. Thomas Jefferson: Third President of the United States, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence.

12. John Adams: Served as America's first Vice President and as its second President.

13. James Madison: American politician and the fourth President of the United States. Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document.

14. Henry Knox: American bookseller from Boston who became the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army and later the nation's first Secretary of War.

15. Alexander Hamilton: Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. One of America's first constitutional lawyers, he was a leader in calling the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787.

16. Talleyrand: French diplomat.

17. Napoleon: General during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul of the French Republic.

18. Bill of Rights: List or summary of rights that are considered important and essential by a group of people. United States document containing ten inalienable rights

19. 9th Amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

20. 10th Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved for the States respectively, or to the people.

21. Farewell Address of 1796: Written to the people of the United States at the end of George Washington’s second term as President of the United States.

22. Strict Construction: A particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation.

23 Loose Constructions: Necessary and Proper clause.

24. Original Cabinet: G.W.’s homies. 25. Virginia Plane: A proposal by Virginia delegates, drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787.

26. New Jersey plan was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson on June 15, 1787.

27. The Great Compromise: The Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise, was an essential agreement between large and small states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787.

28. Three-fifths Compromise: A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which only three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.

29. The Federalist Papers: Series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution.

30. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions: Important political statements in favor of states' rights written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

31. Electoral College: Set of electors, who are empowered as a deliberative body to elect a candidate to a particular office.

32. Ratification: The act of giving official sanction to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution.

33. Anti-federalist: Political party prominent in the early United States.

34. Federalist: Political party prominent in the early United States. Known for their opinions concerning a more powerful central government.

35. Whiskey Rebellion: A popular uprising that had its beginnings in 1791 and culminated in an insurrection in 1794 in the locality of Washington, Pennsylvania, in the Monongahela Valley.

36. Compact Theory: A theory relating to the development of the Constitution of the United States of America, claiming that the formation of the nation was through a compact by all of the states individually and that the national government is consequently a creation of the states.

37. Jay’s Treaty: France, the United States, and Great Britain averted war, solved many issues left over from the American Revolution, and opened ten years of largely peaceful trade in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars.

38. XYZ Affair: Was a 1797 diplomatic episode that worsened relations between France and the United States and led to the undeclared Quasi-War of 1798.

39. Alien & Sedition Act: Four laws passed by the Federalists in the United States Congress in 1798 during the administration of President John Adams.

40. Political Parties: A political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns.

41. Northwest Ordinance 1787: Act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States.

42. Shay’s Rebellion: An armed uprising in Western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. The rebels, led by Daniel Shays and known as Shaysites, were mostly small farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes.

43. Treaty of Grenville: United States and Great Britain averted war, solved many issues left over from the American Revolution.

44. Articles of Confederation: The first governing document, or constitution, of the United States of America.

45. Land Ordinance: Adopted by the United States Congress on May 20, 1785. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States.

46. Judiciary Act: Landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of the First United States Congress establishing the U.S. federal judiciary.

47. Elastic Clause: A provision, in Article One of the United States Constitution at section eight, clause 18, which addresses implied powers of Congress.

48. Pickney’s Treaty: Signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain.

49. Neutrality Proclamation: Formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution.

50. The greatest weakness of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation was its inability to regulate trade and levy taxes.

51. New York, Road Island

52. Federalists want a strong central government. Anti-Federalists want states to retain power.

53. Constitution was stronger than AoC and therefore regulated trade, taxes, and laws more effectively.

54. Federalists want strong central government. Democratic Republicans want common man.


Unit 7

Joseph Smith: Religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830.

George Catlin: American painter, author and traveler who specialized in portraits of Native Americans.

Neal Dow: prohibitionist mayor of Portland, Maine, known as the "Father of Prohibition".

Horace mann:

Samuel Morse: Inventor of the telegraph and Morse Code.

Harriet Beacher Stowe: Writer who wrote the novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, that told of the cruelties of slavery.

Lucretia Mott: American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer.

Gilbert Stuart: United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington.

Dorothea Dix: American social reformer who worked to improve the institutional treatment of the insane.

Eli Whitney: Invented the Cotton Gin.

John Jacob Astor: United States capitalist who made a fortune in fur trading.

Noah Webster: American lexicographer, textbook author, spelling reformer, political writer, and editor.

John Deere: Invented livestock drawn steel plow.

Cyrus McCormick: United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester.

Margaret Fuller: Feminist before her time, leading figure in the Transcendentalist movement.

Wilson Peale:

Robert Fulton: sailed the Clermont from New York to Albany.

Brigham Young: United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith.

Samuel Slater: American industrialist popularly known as the "Founder of the American Industrial Revolution".

Peter Cartwright: Early American "hellfire and brimstone" preacher.

Charles Finney:

Susan B. Anthony: Organizer of the women's suffrage movement.

John Audobon: American ornithologist, naturalist, hunter, and painter. He painted, catalogued, and described the birds of North America.

Washington Irving: American author of the early 19th century.

James Fenimore Cooper: United States novelist noted for his stories of American Indians and the frontier life.

Henry David Thoreau: best known for WALDEN, an account of his experiment in simple living.

John Whittier: American Quaker poet and forceful advocate of the abolition of slavery in the United States.

Nathaniel Hawthorne: 19th century write and poet. Transcendentalist.

William Cullen Bryant: American romantic poet and journalist.

Walt Whitman: United States poet who celebrated the greatness of America.

Oliver Holmes: Physician by profession but achieved fame as a writer; he was one of the best regarded American poets of the 19th century.

Herman Melville: United States writer of novels and short stories.

Ralph Waldo Emerson: Created a popular series of children's books that centered around finding him in his signature candy-striped hat and sweater in various chaotic international locales.

Henry Longfellow: Transcendentalist writer of the 19th century.

Edgar Allen Poe: Famous writer of rather dark subject matter.

Isaac Singer: American inventor, actor, and entrepreneur.

Erie Canal: One of the first man made canals

Ecological Imperialism: To be imperious with plants

Clipper: Sailing ships made for speed of transport.

Molly Maguires: Originated in Ireland, where their semi-legendary vigilante organization fought Irish landlords for tenants' rights.

Unitarians: The belief in the oneness of God opposed to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity

Second Great Awakening: Beginning at about the same time in New England and Kentucky, a new wave of revivals, emphasizing an intensely personal relationship to God.

Awful Disclosures: Disclosures that were deemed awful.

Interchangeable Parts: Industry was revolutionized when producers began to make products with interchangeable parts.

Clermont: First commercially successful steamship of the paddle steamer design.

Rendezvous System: System of transport in which products made multiple planned stops before their destination.

Pony Express: Mailing system which used horseback to transport packages and letters swiftly.

Deism: 18th-century Enlightenment religion emphasizing reason, not miracles.

Paddy Wagons: Slang term for police car.

Mormons: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

Oneida Colony: utopian commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York.

Railroad: Transported people and goods on a system of tracks on which steam powered engines pulled cars.

Biddies and Paddies: Slang for Irish immigrants, biddies being female and paddies being male.

Tammany Hall: Political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City.

Kindergarten: A group or class that is part of a public school program, and is taught during the year preceding first grade, introduced to America by the Germans.

Transcendentalism: A style of literature and lifestyle popular in the mid and late 19th century. Stressed closeness to nature, experience for the sake of experience, and simplicity.

American Temperance Society: Established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S.

Cotton Gin: A machine invented by Eli Whitney which removed seeds from cotton and did so 50 times faster than a single slave.

Knickerbocker Group:

Continental Economy: A more completely national economy within the U.S. which came to fruition in the mid 19th century.

Cumberland Road: One of the first major highways in the U.S.

Cult of Domesticity: also referred to as the “cult of true womanhood.” This was a belief that linked the ideals of womanhood to the domestic sphere.

Limited Liability: Companies in which one did not have to risk their whole life’s savings.

Know Nothing Party: Nativist American political movement of the 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to American values.

65. the seperation of churches caused a rift between the north and south

66. economically and cultrally we chut up with england

67. long hours unsafe and littel pay for workers

68. most people got mad at the Irish because they thowt they were steling jobs

69. harsh land that were not suitable for crops

70. german came just for some thing to do irish had few options

71. faster and a lot less work lowerd the price of food and let farmes prosper

72. faster communication

73. women had some rights but they could not vote or owning land

74. a big boom of american literature —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sidewinder102 (talk • contribs) 16:42, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Unit 8

Unit 8 Study Guide Jay D. Congdon II

John Slidell: U.S. Senator and representative of Louisiana

William Lloyd Garrison: Published antislavery newspaper called The Liberator.

General Scott: General of U.S. Army and whig presidential candidate of 1852

John Tyler: Tenth president of the United States

William Johnson: Associate Justice of the supreme court.

Nat Turner: Slave who’s rebellion failed in Southampton county Virginia.

Martin Delaney: Abolitionist and first black officer of US army.

Santa Anna: Mexican general who fought texas.

Sojourner Truth: Freed slave, ran the underground railroad.

Frederick Douglas: Very prominent abolitionist.

William Henry Harrison: Ninth president of the United States.

James K. Polk: Eleventh president of the United States.

Abraham Lincoln: 16th president of the United States.

General Taylor: Twelfth president of the United States.

General Kearny: General in war of 1812 and civil war.

Nicholas Trist: American Diplomat.

Mountain Whites: Secluded whites of the Appalachian mountains.

Cotton Gin: Machine that de-seeded cotton 50 times faster than a single slave, reinvigorated slavery.

Black Belt: Virginia and the Carolinas region where blacks were a major portion of the populous.

Aroostook War: Undeclared confrontation over the border of Maine.

HillBillies: White trash.

The Liberator: An abolitionist newspaper.

Manifest Destiny: The belief that it was god’s intention for the US to span from atlantic to pacific coasts.

Third Race: Race of free blacks.

Spotty Linclon: Nickname for Lincoln after requesting to see the spot in which blood was shed near the rio grande.

Sham Civilization:

49th Parallel: Border between Canada and US.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Ended Mexican American war.

Land Butchery: Cotton was very bad for soil.

Mulatto: part white and part black people.

Snobocracy: Nickname for southern slave owning aristocrats.

American Colonization Society: Organization for Manifest Destiny and against immigration to US.

Free Soil Party: Short lived democratic party.

Gag Resolution: Stopping of abolitionist resolutions by the government.

Accidental President: Tyler.

Fiscal Bank: Institution that handles economic issues and public affairs.

Oregon Trail: Commonly used route to the west coast.

Walker Tariff of 1846: Bill that revised tariffs on the slave trade.

Wilmot Proviso: Bill that gave appropriations for mexico after annexing California.

41: Slavery and Manifest Destiny

42: Manifest Destiny

43: Much of the north’s textile industry relied on southern cotton and therefore slaves.

44: Racism caused the lower class of the south to support slavery.

45: The U.S. Wanted California, and grudges held over from a dispute for Texas gave the United States no other choice but to war with Mexico for California.

46: Polk justified the war with Manifest Destiny and deceptive military tactics.

47: The plantation system caused the south to generate a deep rift between the upper class Aristocracy and the lower class everybody else.

48: The south relied to heavily on one crop to survive.

49: Garrison was an abolitionist, but still a racist. Douglas was an abolitionist and was not racist.

50: Southerners feared an uprising and without slavery their economy would inevitably fail.

51:

52: The United States was very greedy and seemed to stop at nothing to acquire Texas, Oregon, and California.

53: The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican war and acquired all of northern mexico for the United States. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sidewinder102 (talk • contribs) 17:41, 19 November 2007 (UTC)