New Mexico wine

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New Mexico (Wine Region)
Southern New Mexico Vineyard
Official name	State of New Mexico
Appellation type	U.S. state
Year established	1912
Years of wine industry	1629-present
Country	USA
Sub-regions	Mesilla Valley AVA, Middle Rio Grande Valley AVA, Mimbres Valley AVA^[1]
Total area	121,665 square miles (315,111 km²)
Size of planted vineyards	1,200 Acres^[2]
Grapes produced	Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel,Sangiovese,Pinot Noir,Ruby Cabernet, Nebbiolo, Dolcetto, Refosco, Barbera,Merlot, Petite Sirah, Syrah, Tempranillo,Cabernet Franc, Gewurztraminer,Chardonnay,Chenin Blanc, Malvasia Bianca,Muscat Canelli,Pinot Gris,Viognier,Riesling,Muscat of Alexandria,Orange Muscat, Sauvignon Blanc, Baco Noir, Chambourcin, De Chaunac, Leon Millot, Marechal Foch, Seyval Blanc, Vidal Blanc, Villard Blanc, ^[1]
No. of wineries	Over 35
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New Mexico has the longest history of wine production in the United States.^{[citation needed]} In 1629, Franciscan friar Garcia de Zuniga and a Capuchin monk named Antonio de Arteaga planted the first wine grapes in the Rio Grande valley of southern New Mexico. Viticulture took hold in the valley, and by the year 1880, grapes were grown on over 3,000 acres (12 km²), and wineries produced over 1,000,000 gallons (3,750,000 liters) of wine. The wine industry in New Mexico declined in the latter decades of the nineteenth century in part due to flooding of the Rio Grande. Prohibition in the United States forced many wineries to close, while others remained operational providing sacramental wine to Christian churches. The modern New Mexico wine industry received significant support in 1978 when a government-sponsored study encouraged winegrowers to plant French hybrid grape varieties.

Annual wine festivals help promote awareness of the growing New Mexico wine industry. The industry's growth is similar to its historical growth in the 1880’s. The editor of the Socorro bulletin predicted in 1880 that “We see in the present attention given to grape culture, an important and growing industry which, in a few years, will assume proportions of no ordinary nature.”^[3] New Mexico now has more than 20 wineries producing 350,000 gallons (1,300,000 liters) of wine annually. The largest vineyard in New Mexico is at Luna Rosa in Deming, New Mexico.

1 History
2 References
3 External links
4 See also

[edit] History

[edit] Origins of viticulture in New Mexico

In 1598, Don Juan de Oñate led Spanish colonists to the upper valleys of the Rio Grande. Franciscan monks followed the colonists to minister Christianity to the Native Americans. This area would later be known as “El Camino Real”. The Franciscan monks who settled there needed to hold daily mass; central to each mass was Holy Communion, a sacrament that included the consumption of wine, representing the blood of Christ shed for the redemptions of sinners. The monks needed a local source for their sacramental wine since the next nearest supply was several months' travel away. In this region of the Upper Rio Grande is where grape vines were first introduced to New Mexico.

Before grapevines were planted in New Mexico, the Franciscan monks had wine shipped from Spain. The sacramental wine was light pink in color, had a sherry-like taste, was 18% alcohol, and 10% sugar. The wine was transported in heavy jugs resembling those in Roman times. The stoneware jugs held approximately 2.6 to 3.6 gallons (9.8 to 13.6 liters) each and were sealed with a cork or wood plug. The jugs needed to be sealed with a green glaze, applied to the inside of the jug. This glaze would have contained lead that leaked out into the wine during prolonged exposure to heat or to the acid in the wine.

Grapevine planting in New Mexico was initially hindered by Spanish law which in 1595 forbid the exportation of Spanish grapevines to protect the Spanish agriculture industry. At the time, Spanish wine exports provided one fourth of Spain's foreign trade revenue. Franciscan monks chose to ignore this economic law and smuggled vines out of Spain into New Mexico around 1629. Fray Garcia de Zuniga, a Franciscan, and Antonio de Arteaga, a Capuchin monk, planted the first vines at a Piro pueblo just south of modern day Socorro. The cuttings brought by the missionaries were a vitis vinifera grape variety known as the Mission grape. This variety is still grown in New Mexico today.

[edit] Expansion of the wine industry in New Mexico

The Road from Las Cruces and the Mesilla Valley to El Paso.

Between 1633 and 1800, numerous events took place which threatened the wine industry in New Mexico. Several pueblo revolts and hard winters threatened the grapes, but by the 1800s New Mexico had emerged as wine country. In 1800, vineyards were planted from Bernalillo to Socorro in central New Mexico and from Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas in the southern part of the state. In 1850, New Mexico became a territory of the United States. In 1868, Jesuit priests settled in New Mexico and brought their Italian wine making techniques, founding a winery in 1872. In 1870, New Mexico produced 16,000 gallons (60,000 liters) of wine. By 1880, New Mexico produced 908,000 gallons (3,400,000 liters). The 1880 census indicated that New Mexico had twice the grapevine acreage of New York, a more developed state. New Mexico was fifth in the nation in wine production.

New Mexico State University has long played a part in the cultivation, expansion, and education of grape growing and winemaking in New Mexico. In 1920, at the beginning of Prohibition in the United States, Giovanni Giorgio Rinaldi took over production of Christian Brothers Winery in Bernalillo. He enlisted the help of faculty at New Mexico A & M College, in Las Cruces, now New Mexico State University. With their help, Rinaldi improved grape production and experimented with other grape varieties and grape growing styles. Zinfandel, in a Burgundy–style wine, was the result of experimentation with grape varieties by Rinaldi and New Mexico A & M. Rinaldi remained Christian Brother’s Winery manager until 1933 when prohibition ended.

[edit] Decline and rebirth

Grapevine Nursery at the largest vineyard in Deming New Mexico.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the Rio Grande and its tributaries experienced extensive flooding. In 1926, the first Rio Grande flood occurred that impacted the vineyards throughout the grape growing region, from Bernalillo to El Paso. Prohibition began in 1919, and only a small amount of medicinal alcohol could be legally produced and sold. Though the sale of wine was hindered, the grapevine acreage doubled between 1920 and 1930. In 1943, the largest Rio Grande flood of the century destroyed vineyards throughout New Mexico. Vineyards that had been producing wine for fifty years were destroyed. What remained of the old commercial wine industry in New Mexico never recovered from these floods.

By 1978, small commercial wineries opened their doors, creating wine from mostly French-Hybrid grape varietals. These cold-hardy grapevines prospered in northern New Mexico. By the 1980s, production of wine was up and a rush on New Mexican vineyard land began, lead by a group of European investors who were attracted to New Mexico’s still underdeveloped wine market and inexpensive land. Between 1982 and 1983, 2,200 acres (3 sq mi) of vineyards were planted around Las Cruces. Many more vineyards and extensive acres of grapes were planted until present day.

As of 2007, the New Mexico Wine Growers Association listed thirty-eight wineries with forty-two locations.^[4]